Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 10839820 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

A functional-phylogenetic classification system for transmembrane solute transporters.

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR ·Vol. 64 ·No. 2 ·2000-06-00 ·Pages 354-411

Saier MH

Abstract

A comprehensive classification system for transmembrane molecular transporters has been developed and recently approved by the transport panel of the nomenclature committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. This system is based on (i) transporter class and subclass (mode of transport and energy coupling mechanism), (ii) protein phylogenetic family and subfamily, and (iii) substrate specificity. Almost all of the more than 250 identified families of transporters include members that function exclusively in transport. Channels (115 families), secondary active transporters (uniporters, symporters, and antiporters) (78 families), primary active transporters (23 families), group translocators (6 families), and transport proteins of ill-defined function or of unknown mechanism (51 families) constitute distinct categories. Transport mode and energy coupling prove to be relatively immutable characteristics and therefore provide primary bases for classification. Phylogenetic grouping reflects structure, function, mechanism, and often substrate specificity and therefore provides a reliable secondary basis for classification. Substrate specificity and polarity of transport prove to be more readily altered during evolutionary history and therefore provide a tertiary basis for classification. With very few exceptions, a phylogenetic family of transporters includes members that function by a single transport mode and energy coupling mechanism, although a variety of substrates may be transported, sometimes with either inwardly or outwardly directed polarity. In this review, I provide cross-referencing of well-characterized constituent transporters according to (i) transport mode, (ii) energy coupling mechanism, (iii) phylogenetic grouping, and (iv) substrates transported. The structural features and distribution of recognized family members throughout the living world are also evaluated. The tabulations should facilitate familial and functional assignments of newly sequenced transport proteins that will result from future genome sequencing projects.

MeSH Terms
Animals Biological Transport Carrier Proteins/chemistry,classification,physiology Cell Membrane/metabolism Humans Ion Channels/chemistry,classification,physiology Phylogeny Protein Conformation Substrate Specificity Terminology as Topic Toxins, Biological/chemistry,classification
Chemicals
Carrier Proteins Ion Channels Toxins, Biological
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Saier M H
Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA. [email protected]
References (143)
143 references, click to expand
  1. Expression of a gene for a porin-like protein of the OmpA family from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Jul;180(14):3541-7 PMID: 9657995
  2. Uncoupling in secondary transport proteins. A mechanistic explanation for mutants of lac permease with an uncoupled phenotype.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 May 26;270(21):12670-6 PMID: 7759518
  3. Structural features of the uniporter/symporter/antiporter superfamily.
    Protein Sci. 1995 Mar;4(3):534-7 PMID: 7795534
  4. Beta-barrel proteins from bacterial outer membranes: structure, function and refolding.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1999 Aug;9(4):455-61 PMID: 10449368
  5. Atomic structure and specificity of bacterial periplasmic receptors for active transport and chemotaxis: variation of common themes.
    Mol Microbiol. 1996 Apr;20(1):17-25 PMID: 8861200
  6. Phylogenetic analysis of the putative phosphorylation domain in the pyruvate kinase of Bacillus stearothermophilus.
    Res Microbiol. 1995 Nov-Dec;146(9):713-9 PMID: 8584793
  7. Unified inventory of established and putative transporters encoded within the complete genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    FEBS Lett. 1998 Jun 23;430(1-2):116-25 PMID: 9678606
  8. Interpreting the effects of site-directed mutagenesis on active transport systems.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Jul 13;1193(1):165-78 PMID: 8038187
  9. Ion channel properties of the reconstituted chloroplast triose phosphate/phosphate translocator.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 25;269(47):29481-9 PMID: 7525584
  10. The major facilitator superfamily.
    J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Nov;1(2):257-79 PMID: 10943556
  11. Porins in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Oct;181(20):6543-6 PMID: 10515949
  12. The exchange of C14 glucose across the membrane of the human erythrocyte.
    J Cell Physiol. 1965 Aug;66(1):95-103 PMID: 5857914
  13. The bacterial porin superfamily: sequence alignment and structure prediction.
    Mol Microbiol. 1991 Sep;5(9):2153-64 PMID: 1662760
  14. Association and stoichiometry of K(ATP) channel subunits.
    Neuron. 1997 May;18(5):827-38 PMID: 9182806
  15. Modular assembly of voltage-gated channel proteins: a sequence analysis and phylogenetic study.
    J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Nov;1(2):281-7 PMID: 10943557
  16. Getting in or out: early segregation between importers and exporters in the evolution of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters.
    J Mol Evol. 1999 Jan;48(1):22-41 PMID: 9873074
  17. Evolution of the archaeal rhodopsins: evolution rate changes by gene duplication and functional differentiation.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Jan 8;285(1):163-74 PMID: 9878396
  18. Porins from plants. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two new members of the porin family.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Oct 14;269(41):25754-60 PMID: 7523392
  19. Modular multidomain phosphoryl transfer proteins of bacteria.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1997 Jun;7(3):407-15 PMID: 9204284
  20. Mannitol-specific enzyme II of the bacterial phosphotransferase system. III. The nucleotide sequence of the permease gene.
    J Biol Chem. 1983 Sep 10;258(17):10761-7 PMID: 6309813
  21. Phylogenetic approaches to the identification and characterization of protein families and superfamilies.
    Microb Comp Genomics. 1996;1(3):129-50 PMID: 9689209
  22. Activation of potassium channels during metabolite detoxification in Escherichia coli.
    Mol Microbiol. 1993 Sep;9(6):1297-303 PMID: 7934942
  23. A family of glutamate receptor genes: evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric receptors with distinct channel properties.
    Neuron. 1990 Nov;5(5):569-81 PMID: 1699567
  24. The "tunneling" mode of biological carrier-mediated transport.
    J Membr Biol. 1988 Mar;101(3):189-98 PMID: 2455057
  25. Siderophore-mediated iron uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the SIT1 gene encodes a ferrioxamine B permease that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
    Microbiology. 1998 Dec;144 ( Pt 12):3455-62 PMID: 9884238
  26. Light-driven chloride ion transport by halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis. 1. The photochemical cycle.
    Biochemistry. 1995 Nov 7;34(44):14490-9 PMID: 7578054
  27. Bypassing the periplasm: reconstitution of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 22;96(13):7190-5 PMID: 10377390
  28. Acetylcholine receptor channel imaged in the open state.
    Nature. 1995 Jan 5;373(6509):37-43 PMID: 7800037
  29. Protein secretion by Gram-negative bacterial ABC exporters--a review.
    Gene. 1997 Jun 11;192(1):7-11 PMID: 9224868
  30. Conversion of bacteriorhodopsin into a chloride ion pump.
    Science. 1995 Jul 7;269(5220):73-5 PMID: 7604281
  31. Rapid gating and anion permeability of an intracellular aquaporin.
    Nature. 1999 Nov 11;402(6758):184-7 PMID: 10647010
  32. The LysE superfamily: topology of the lysine exporter LysE of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a paradyme for a novel superfamily of transmembrane solute translocators.
    J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Nov;1(2):327-36 PMID: 10943564
  33. The nucleoside-specific Tsx channel from the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes: functional characterization and DNA sequence analysis of the tsx genes.
    Microbiology. 1997 Feb;143 ( Pt 2):603-15 PMID: 9043137
  34. Structure of TolC, the outer membrane component of the bacterial type I efflux system, derived from two-dimensional crystals.
    Mol Microbiol. 1997 Feb;23(3):617-26 PMID: 9044294
  35. The whole structure of the 13-subunit oxidized cytochrome c oxidase at 2.8 A.
    Science. 1996 May 24;272(5265):1136-44 PMID: 8638158
  36. Metalloid resistance mechanisms in prokaryotes.
    J Biochem. 1998 Jan;123(1):16-23 PMID: 9504403
  37. Functional roles of Glu-269 and Glu-325 within the lactose permease of Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 11;269(10):7379-86 PMID: 7907327
  38. The amino acid/auxin:proton symport permease family.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Jan 8;1415(2):306-22 PMID: 9889387
  39. Transcription of the Bacillus subtilis sacX and sacY genes, encoding regulators of sucrose metabolism, is both inducible by sucrose and controlled by the DegS-DegU signalling system.
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Oct;174(19):6087-95 PMID: 1400159
  40. A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.
    J Mol Biol. 1982 May 5;157(1):105-32 PMID: 7108955
  41. The amino acid transport system y+L/4F2hc is a heteromultimeric complex.
    FASEB J. 1998 Oct;12(13):1319-29 PMID: 9761775
  42. Isolation and sequence of HSP30, a yeast heat-shock gene coding for a hydrophobic membrane protein.
    Curr Genet. 1993 May-Jun;23(5-6):435-42 PMID: 8319300
  43. Expression of the triose phosphate translocator gene from potato is light dependent and restricted to green tissues.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Apr;238(3):357-61 PMID: 8492803
  44. Mutations in a bacterial mechanosensitive channel change the cellular response to osmotic stress.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 19;272(51):32150-7 PMID: 9405414
  45. Elongation factor Tu and DnaK are transferred from the cytoplasm to the periplasm of Escherichia coli during osmotic downshock presumably via the mechanosensitive channel mscL.
    J Bacteriol. 2000 Jan;182(1):248-51 PMID: 10613892
  46. From membrane to molecule to the third amino acid from the left with a membrane transport protein.
    Q Rev Biophys. 1997 Nov;30(4):333-64 PMID: 9634651
  47. Genetic analysis of the multidrug transporter.
    Annu Rev Genet. 1995;29:607-49 PMID: 8825488
  48. Sequence of the lactose permease gene.
    Nature. 1980 Feb 7;283(5747):541-5 PMID: 6444453
  49. Transport of anions and protons by the mitochondrial uncoupling protein and its regulation by nucleotides and fatty acids. A new look at old hypotheses.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Oct 21;269(42):26184-90 PMID: 7929332
  50. The cell wall porin of Nocardia farcinica: biochemical identification of the channel-forming protein and biophysical characterization of the channel properties.
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jul;29(1):139-50 PMID: 9701809
  51. Phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems of bacteria.
    Microbiol Rev. 1993 Sep;57(3):543-94 PMID: 8246840
  52. Selectivity changes in site-directed mutants of the VDAC ion channel: structural implications.
    Science. 1990 Mar 9;247(4947):1233-6 PMID: 1690454
  53. Crystal structure of transhydrogenase domain III at 1.2 A resolution.
    Nat Struct Biol. 1999 Dec;6(12):1126-31 PMID: 10581554
  54. The mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate and ADP/ATP carrier switch from obligate counterexchange to unidirectional transport after modification by SH-reagents.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Oct 19;1028(3):268-80 PMID: 1977471
  55. High-resolution structures of photosynthetic reaction centers.
    Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem. 1991;20:247-66 PMID: 1867718
  56. A subfamily of P-type ATPases with aminophospholipid transporting activity.
    Science. 1996 Jun 7;272(5267):1495-7 PMID: 8633245
  57. Siderophore-mediated iron transport: crystal structure of FhuA with bound lipopolysaccharide.
    Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2215-20 PMID: 9856937
  58. Survival during exposure to the electrophilic reagent N-ethylmaleimide in Escherichia coli: role of KefB and KefC potassium channels.
    J Bacteriol. 1997 Feb;179(4):1007-12 PMID: 9023177
  59. Metabolism, transport, and morphogenesis: which drives which?
    J Gen Microbiol. 1962 Sep;29:25-37 PMID: 14474640
  60. Functions of the gene products of Escherichia coli.
    Microbiol Rev. 1993 Dec;57(4):862-952 PMID: 7508076
  61. Phylogenetic relationships among bacteriorhodopsins.
    Res Microbiol. 1994 May;145(4):273-85 PMID: 7997641
  62. Characterization of Escherichia coli lactose carrier mutants that transport protons without a cosubstrate. Probes for the energy barrier to uncoupled transport.
    J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 15;265(17):9645-51 PMID: 2161839
  63. Phylogenetic characterization of novel transport protein families revealed by genome analyses.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Feb 25;1422(1):1-56 PMID: 10082980
  64. Proton transport by halorhodopsin.
    Biochemistry. 1996 May 28;35(21):6604-11 PMID: 8639608
  65. The specificity of interaction of archaeal transducers with their cognate sensory rhodopsins is determined by their transmembrane helices.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 2;96(3):857-62 PMID: 9927658
  66. Isolation of mRNAs induced by a hazardous chemical in white-rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor, by differential display.
    FEBS Lett. 1997 Jul 28;412(2):370-4 PMID: 9256254
  67. Molecular biology of the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Aug 7;1276(1):21-34 PMID: 8764889
  68. Isolation of lactose permease mutants which recognize arabinose.
    Membr Biochem. 1993 Jan-Mar;10(1):61-70 PMID: 8510563
  69. Transport studies in bacterial membrane vesicles.
    Science. 1974 Dec 6;186(4167):882-92 PMID: 4620043
  70. Microdermatology: cell surface in the interaction of microbes with the external world.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Jan;181(1):4-8 PMID: 9864305
  71. Gene products required for surface expression of the capsular form of the group 1 K antigen in Escherichia coli (O9a:K30).
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Mar;31(5):1321-32 PMID: 10200954
  72. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism.
    Nature. 1961 Jul 8;191:144-8 PMID: 13771349
  73. Na+ translocation by the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Aug;33(3):590-8 PMID: 10417649
  74. Structures of membrane proteins determined at atomic resolution.
    J Biochem. 1998 Dec 1;124(6):1051-9 PMID: 9832606
  75. [Galactoside-permease of Escherichia coli].
    Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1956 Dec;91(6):829-57 PMID: 13395026
  76. Bacterial permeases.
    Bacteriol Rev. 1957 Sep;21(3):169-94 PMID: 13471457
  77. Protein secretion in gram-negative bacteria: assembly of the three components of ABC protein-mediated exporters is ordered and promoted by substrate binding.
    EMBO J. 1996 Nov 1;15(21):5804-11 PMID: 8918458
  78. Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis.
    FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1995 Aug;17(1-2):191-205 PMID: 7669346
  79. The ABC of channel regulation.
    Cell. 1995 Sep 8;82(5):693-6 PMID: 7671298
  80. The assimilation of amino-acids by bacteria; the action of tyrocidin and some detergent substances in releasing amino-acids from the internal environment of Streptococcus faecalis.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1947 Jan;1(1):77-84 PMID: 20238538
  81. Channel specificity: structural basis for sugar discrimination and differential flux rates in maltoporin.
    J Mol Biol. 1997 Sep 12;272(1):56-63 PMID: 9299337
  82. Substrate-induced assembly of a contiguous channel for protein export from E.coli: reversible bridging of an inner-membrane translocase to an outer membrane exit pore.
    EMBO J. 1998 Nov 16;17(22):6487-96 PMID: 9822594
  83. Structural, functional, and evolutionary relationships among extracellular solute-binding receptors of bacteria.
    Microbiol Rev. 1993 Jun;57(2):320-46 PMID: 8336670
  84. AcrA is a highly asymmetric protein capable of spanning the periplasm.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Jan 8;285(1):409-20 PMID: 9878415
  85. Helix packing in polytopic membrane proteins: the lactose permease of Escherichia coli.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1997 Aug;7(4):537-42 PMID: 9266176
  86. Cells of Escherichia coli contain a protein-tyrosine kinase, Wzc, and a phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase, Wzb.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Jun;181(11):3472-7 PMID: 10348860
  87. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387-95 PMID: 6546423
  88. Orphan enzyme or patriarch of a new tribe: the arsenic resistance ATPase of bacterial plasmids.
    Mol Microbiol. 1993 May;8(4):637-42 PMID: 8332056
  89. Sequence analyses and evolutionary relationships among the energy-coupling proteins Enzyme I and HPr of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system.
    Protein Sci. 1993 Apr;2(4):506-21 PMID: 7686067
  90. TRAP transporters: an ancient family of extracytoplasmic solute-receptor-dependent secondary active transporters.
    Microbiology. 1999 Dec;145 ( Pt 12):3431-45 PMID: 10627041
  91. Molecular mechanism and functional significance of the MinK control of the KvLQT1 channel activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 4;272(27):16713-6 PMID: 9201970
  92. Cloning and membrane topology of a P type ATPase from Helicobacter pylori.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Jan 5;271(1):446-57 PMID: 8550601
  93. ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man.
    Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1992;8:67-113 PMID: 1282354
  94. Phylogenetic characterization of the MIP family of transmembrane channel proteins.
    J Membr Biol. 1996 Oct;153(3):171-80 PMID: 8849412
  95. A comparative analysis of ABC transporters in complete microbial genomes.
    Genome Res. 1998 Oct;8(10):1048-59 PMID: 9799792
  96. Isolation and characterization of lactose permease mutants with an enhanced recognition of maltose and diminished recognition of cellobiose.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 5;264(25):14698-703 PMID: 2670925
  97. New glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters.
    J Membr Biol. 1999 Dec 1;172(3):181-92 PMID: 10568788
  98. Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Mar;31(5):1307-19 PMID: 10200953
  99. Mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier can be reversibly converted into a large channel by Ca2+.
    Biochemistry. 1996 Jul 2;35(26):8483-8 PMID: 8679608
  100. Protein toxins and membrane transport.
    Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998 Aug;10(4):530-6 PMID: 9719875
  101. Archaea and the origin(s) of DNA replication proteins.
    Cell. 1997 Jun 27;89(7):995-8 PMID: 9215620
  102. Evolution of substrate specificities in the P-type ATPase superfamily.
    J Mol Evol. 1998 Jan;46(1):84-101 PMID: 9419228
  103. The regulated outer membrane protein Omp21 from Comamonas acidovorans is identified as a member of a new family of eight-stranded beta-sheet proteins by its sequence and properties.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Aug;180(15):3741-9 PMID: 9683466
  104. Release of thioredoxin via the mechanosensitive channel MscL during osmotic downshock of Escherichia coli cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 9;273(41):26670-4 PMID: 9756908
  105. Transmembrane signaling across the ligand-gated FhuA receptor: crystal structures of free and ferrichrome-bound states reveal allosteric changes.
    Cell. 1998 Dec 11;95(6):771-8 PMID: 9865695
  106. P-type ATPases of eukaryotes and bacteria: sequence analyses and construction of phylogenetic trees.
    J Mol Evol. 1994 Jan;38(1):57-99 PMID: 8151716
  107. Arsenic efflux governed by the arsenic resistance determinant of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Jun;175(11):3480-5 PMID: 8501052
  108. Computer-aided analyses of transport protein sequences: gleaning evidence concerning function, structure, biogenesis, and evolution.
    Microbiol Rev. 1994 Mar;58(1):71-93 PMID: 8177172
  109. Feasting, fasting and fermenting. Glucose sensing in yeast and other cells.
    Trends Genet. 1999 Jan;15(1):29-33 PMID: 10087931
  110. Unraveling the structures and modes of action of bacterial toxins.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1998 Dec;8(6):778-84 PMID: 9914258
  111. Pore-like and carrier-like properties of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier after modification by SH-reagents: evidence for a performed channel as a structural requirement of carrier-mediated transport.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Oct 19;1028(3):281-8 PMID: 1699601
  112. How do yeast cells sense glucose?
    Bioessays. 1998 Dec;20(12):972-6 PMID: 10048296
  113. Zinc(II) tolerance in Escherichia coli K-12: evidence that the zntA gene (o732) encodes a cation transport ATPase.
    Mol Microbiol. 1997 Sep;25(5):883-91 PMID: 9364914
  114. H+ -PPases: a tightly membrane-bound family.
    FEBS Lett. 1999 Sep 3;457(3):527-33 PMID: 10523139
  115. The nop-1 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes a seven transmembrane helix retinal-binding protein homologous to archaeal rhodopsins.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):8034-9 PMID: 10393943
  116. Hydropathy profile alignment: a tool to search for structural homologues of membrane proteins.
    FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1998 Oct;22(4):305-22 PMID: 9862124
  117. Establishing homologies in protein sequences.
    Methods Enzymol. 1983;91:524-45 PMID: 6855599
  118. Computer-based analyses of the protein constituents of transport systems catalysing export of complex carbohydrates in bacteria.
    Microbiology. 1997 Aug;143 ( Pt 8):2685-99 PMID: 9274022
  119. Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block.
    Bioessays. 1999 Oct;21(10):880-9 PMID: 10497339
  120. Molecular phylogeny as a basis for the classification of transport proteins from bacteria, archaea and eukarya.
    Adv Microb Physiol. 1998;40:81-136 PMID: 9889977
  121. The reconstituted ADP/ATP carrier can mediate H+ transport by free fatty acids, which is further stimulated by mersalyl.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 4;269(44):27329-36 PMID: 7961643
  122. A family of extracytoplasmic proteins that allow transport of large molecules across the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria.
    J Bacteriol. 1994 Jul;176(13):3825-31 PMID: 8021163
  123. Isolation and nucleotide sequencing of lactose carrier mutants that transport maltose.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(12):3959-63 PMID: 3889919
  124. Ligand conduction and the gated-pore mechanism of transmembrane transport.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Nov 21;1331(3):213-34 PMID: 9512653
  125. The structure and mechanism of the family of retinal proteins from halophilic archaea.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1998 Aug;8(4):489-500 PMID: 9729742
  126. Phosphate permeases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Jun 10;1365(1-2):23-30 PMID: 9693717
  127. Lactose permease mutants which transport (malto)-oligosaccharides.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Oct;175(19):6269-75 PMID: 8407799
  128. Outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas.
    Mol Microbiol. 1990 Jul;4(7):1069-75 PMID: 1700255
  129. Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii.
    Science. 1996 Aug 23;273(5278):1058-73 PMID: 8688087
  130. Microbial genome analyses: global comparisons of transport capabilities based on phylogenies, bioenergetics and substrate specificities.
    J Mol Biol. 1998 Apr 3;277(3):573-92 PMID: 9533881
  131. The winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology.
    J Bacteriol. 1994 Jan;176(1):1-6 PMID: 8282683
  132. The bacterial phosphotransferase system: new frontiers 30 years later.
    Mol Microbiol. 1994 Sep;13(5):755-64 PMID: 7815935
  133. Helicobacter pylori cadA encodes an essential Cd(II)-Zn(II)-Co(II) resistance factor influencing urease activity.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Aug;33(3):524-36 PMID: 10417643
  134. Genome archeology leading to the characterization and classification of transport proteins.
    Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999 Oct;2(5):555-61 PMID: 10508720
  135. Two mRNA transcripts (rBAT-1 and rBAT-2) are involved in system b0,(+)-related amino acid transport.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 15;268(2):1362-7 PMID: 8419338
  136. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Sep 1;25(17):3389-402 PMID: 9254694
  137. Major facilitator superfamily.
    Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Mar;62(1):1-34 PMID: 9529885
  138. Eukaryotic transmembrane solute transport systems.
    Int Rev Cytol. 1999;190:61-136 PMID: 10331239
  139. Levanase operon of Bacillus subtilis includes a fructose-specific phosphotransferase system regulating the expression of the operon.
    J Mol Biol. 1990 Aug 5;214(3):657-71 PMID: 2117666
  140. A family of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane factors that function in the export of proteins, carbohydrates, drugs and heavy metals from gram-negative bacteria.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997 Nov 1;156(1):1-8 PMID: 9368353
  141. Structure of maltoporin from Salmonella typhimurium ligated with a nitrophenyl-maltotrioside.
    J Mol Biol. 1997 Mar 7;266(4):761-75 PMID: 9102468
  142. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival.
    Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1322-6 PMID: 9735050
  143. Neurotransmitter action: opening of ligand-gated ion channels.
    Cell. 1993 Jan;72 Suppl:31-41 PMID: 7679054
Article Info
Journal
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR
Abbr.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
ISSN
1092-2172
DOI
10.1128/MMBR.64.2.354-411.2000
Email
[email protected]
Published
2000-06-00
Pages
354-411
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9706653
PMCID
PMC98997
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM055434 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · 5RO1 AI21702 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · 9RO1 GM55434 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.64.2.354-411.2000 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2