Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 8828141 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Evolution and biological significance of human retroelements.

Virus genes ·Vol. 11 ·No. 2-3 ·1995-00-00 ·Pages 133-45

Leib-Mösch C, Seifarth W

Abstract

Retroelements comprise a substantial portion of the human genome. Their large number and ubiquitous distribution has led scientists to speculate about their evolutionary origin and their biological functions. Human endogenous retroviruses and their retrotransposon relatives represent a reservoir of possibly pathogenic retroviral genes that may be activated spontaneously or by environmental conditions. They can act as insertion mutagens and activate or inactivate cellular genes, or may be involved in chromosome aberrations by recombination of related elements on different chromosomal locations. Retroviral gene products themselves may also be pathogenic and, for example, could be implicated in the development of tumors and autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, endogenous retroviral elements and nonviral retroposons are thought to have played an important role in shaping the genomes of vertebrates by intracellular transposition events and by generating hot spots of recombination. In the course of time, some of these elements have acquired cellular functions, such as, for instance, in the regulation of gene expression. Therefore, the role of human endogenous retroviruses and retroposons in biological processes is currently a subject of great interest.

MeSH Terms
Animals Evolution, Molecular Humans Phylogeny Retroelements
Chemicals
Retroelements
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Leib-Mösch C
III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Federal Republic of Germany.
Seifarth W
References (137)
137 references, click to expand
  1. Three independent insertions of retrovirus-like sequences in the haptoglobin gene cluster of primates.
    Genomics. 1990 Dec;8(4):671-83 PMID: 2177446
  2. ERV3, a full-length human endogenous provirus: chromosomal localization and evolutionary relationships.
    Virology. 1984 Oct 30;138(2):225-35 PMID: 6495650
  3. Complete nucleotide sequence of a milk-transmitted mouse mammary tumor virus: two frameshift suppression events are required for translation of gag and pol.
    J Virol. 1987 Feb;61(2):480-90 PMID: 3027377
  4. Nucleotide sequence of the haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related gene pair. The haptoglobin-related gene contains a retrovirus-like element.
    J Biol Chem. 1985 Jun 10;260(11):6698-709 PMID: 2987228
  5. Primate DRB genes from the DR3 and DR8 haplotypes contain ERV9 LTR elements at identical positions.
    Immunogenetics. 1995;41(2-3):74-82 PMID: 7806299
  6. Retroviruses and autoimmunity.
    J Autoimmun. 1990 Apr;3(2):137-66 PMID: 2160242
  7. Isolation of an SSAV-related endogenous sequence from human DNA.
    Virology. 1986 Dec;155(2):666-77 PMID: 2431542
  8. Oligodendrocyte-specific expression and autoantigenicity of transaldolase in multiple sclerosis.
    J Exp Med. 1994 Nov 1;180(5):1649-63 PMID: 7964452
  9. Expression and biological significance of human endogenous retroviral sequences.
    Leukemia. 1992;6 Suppl 3:72S-75S PMID: 1602831
  10. Origins and evolutionary relationships of retroviruses.
    Q Rev Biol. 1989 Mar;64(1):1-30 PMID: 2469098
  11. A transposon-like element in the deletion-prone region of the dystrophin gene.
    Genomics. 1992 Jul;13(3):594-600 PMID: 1322353
  12. Murine mammary tumor virus pol-related sequences in human DNA: characterization and sequence comparison with the complete murine mammary tumor virus pol gene.
    J Virol. 1986 Feb;57(2):422-32 PMID: 2418214
  13. Cloned extrachromosomal circular DNA copies of the human transposable element THE-1 are related predominantly to a single type of family member.
    J Mol Biol. 1987 Jul 20;196(2):233-43 PMID: 2821286
  14. Nucleotide sequence of human endogenous retrovirus genome related to the mouse mammary tumor virus genome.
    J Virol. 1986 Nov;60(2):589-98 PMID: 3021993
  15. Chromosomal distribution of the RTVL-H family of human endogenous retrovirus-like sequences.
    Genomics. 1988 May;2(4):280-7 PMID: 3220471
  16. Nucleotide sequence of a full-length human endogenous retroviral segment.
    J Virol. 1985 Jun;54(3):764-72 PMID: 3999194
  17. Eukaryotic transposable elements and genome evolution.
    Trends Genet. 1989 Apr;5(4):103-7 PMID: 2543105
  18. Mapping of retrotransposon sequences in the unstable region surrounding the spinal muscular atrophy locus in 5q13.
    Genomics. 1995 May 20;27(2):366-9 PMID: 7558009
  19. Members of the RTVL-H family of human endogenous retrovirus-like elements are expressed in placenta.
    Gene. 1989 Jul 15;79(2):259-67 PMID: 2551777
  20. Detection of a human intracisternal retroviral particle associated with CD4+ T-cell deficiency.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7831-5 PMID: 1380169
  21. Duplication of seven exons in LDL receptor gene caused by Alu-Alu recombination in a subject with familial hypercholesterolemia.
    Cell. 1987 Mar 13;48(5):827-35 PMID: 3815525
  22. Identification, characterization, and cell specificity of a human LINE-1 promoter.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;10(12):6718-29 PMID: 1701022
  23. Molecular biology of viral and nonviral retroelements.
    Trends Genet. 1989 Nov;5(11):357-9 PMID: 2481896
  24. Human retroviral sequences on the Y chromosome.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Apr;7(4):1559-62 PMID: 3600636
  25. Endogenous retroviral sequences are required for tissue-specific expression of a human salivary amylase gene.
    Genes Dev. 1992 Aug;6(8):1457-65 PMID: 1379564
  26. The human THE-LTR(O) and MstII interspersed repeats are subfamilies of a single widely distributed highly variable repeat family.
    Genomics. 1992 Jun;13(2):431-6 PMID: 1319393
  27. Morphological and microbiological signs of endogenous C-virus in human oocytes.
    Int J Cancer. 1981 Nov 15;28(5):551-7 PMID: 6171530
  28. Isolation of a human repetitive sequence and its application to regional chromosome mapping.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7390-4 PMID: 6961418
  29. Clusters of intragenic Alu repeats predispose the human C1 inhibitor locus to deleterious rearrangements.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1551-5 PMID: 2154751
  30. A transposon-like element in human DNA.
    Nature. 1985 Jul 25-31;316(6026):359-61 PMID: 2862587
  31. Identification of human endogenous retroviruses with complex mRNA expression and particle formation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4480-4 PMID: 8506289
  32. Homologous recombination between the LTRs of a human retrovirus-like element causes a 5-kb deletion in two siblings.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Dec;45(6):848-54 PMID: 2573998
  33. Inactivation of the cholinesterase gene by Alu insertion: possible mechanism for human gene transposition.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11315-9 PMID: 1662391
  34. Integration site preferences of endogenous retroviruses.
    Chromosoma. 1991 Dec;101(3):141-56 PMID: 1790730
  35. Human endogenous proviruses.
    Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1989;148:115-32 PMID: 2684548
  36. Structure of a human retroviral sequence related to mouse mammary tumor virus.
    J Virol. 1986 Nov;60(2):743-9 PMID: 3022006
  37. Subtractive cloning of a hybrid human endogenous retrovirus and calbindin gene in the prostate cell line PC3.
    Cancer Res. 1991 Aug 1;51(15):4107-10 PMID: 1713126
  38. Master genes in mammalian repetitive DNA amplification.
    Trends Genet. 1992 Sep;8(9):307-11 PMID: 1365396
  39. The human T-cell leukemia virus-related endogenous sequence (HRES1) is located on chromosome 1 at q42.
    Genomics. 1991 Dec;11(4):1172-3 PMID: 1783388
  40. Evidence for a functional subclass of the RTVL-H family of human endogenous retrovirus-like sequences.
    J Virol. 1993 Jun;67(6):2981-9 PMID: 8388483
  41. Haemophilia A resulting from de novo insertion of L1 sequences represents a novel mechanism for mutation in man.
    Nature. 1988 Mar 10;332(6160):164-6 PMID: 2831458
  42. Disruption of the APC gene by a retrotransposal insertion of L1 sequence in a colon cancer.
    Cancer Res. 1992 Feb 1;52(3):643-5 PMID: 1310068
  43. Human malignant and mitogen-transformed cells contain retroviral P15E-related antigen.
    J Exp Med. 1984 Mar 1;159(3):964-9 PMID: 6699546
  44. Detection of a human intracisternal A-type retroviral particle antigenically related to HIV.
    Science. 1990 Nov 23;250(4984):1127-9 PMID: 1701273
  45. Identification of S71-related human endogenous retroviral sequences with full-length pol genes.
    Virology. 1995 Jun 1;209(2):550-60 PMID: 7778287
  46. Insertion of a 5' truncated L1 element into the 3' end of exon 44 of the dystrophin gene resulted in skipping of the exon during splicing in a case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
    J Clin Invest. 1993 May;91(5):1862-7 PMID: 8387534
  47. The nucleotide sequence of the Akv murine leukemia virus genome.
    Virology. 1984 Apr 15;134(1):196-207 PMID: 6200992
  48. Duplication of the gamma-globin gene mediated by L1 long interspersed repetitive elements in an early ancestor of simian primates.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Aug 15;88(16):7396-400 PMID: 1908094
  49. Identification and characterization of novel human endogenous retroviral sequences prefentially expressed in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Apr 11;19(7):1513-20 PMID: 2027759
  50. Provirus of M7 baboon endogenous virus: nucleotide sequence of the gag-pol region.
    J Virol. 1983 Jul;47(1):137-45 PMID: 6408267
  51. A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1.
    Nature. 1991 Oct 31;353(6347):864-6 PMID: 1719426
  52. Recent evolutionary expansion of a subfamily of RTVL-H human endogenous retrovirus-like elements.
    Virology. 1993 Oct;196(2):778-88 PMID: 8372448
  53. Isolation of three kinds of human endogenous retrovirus-like sequences using tRNA(Pro) as a probe.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Nov 25;15(22):9153-62 PMID: 2825129
  54. Antibodies in human sera recognizing a recombinant outer membrane protein encoded by the envelope gene of the human endogenous retrovirus K.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1993 Jul;9(7):687-94 PMID: 8396402
  55. Retroviral and pseudogene insertion sites reveal the lineage of human salivary and pancreatic amylase genes from a single gene during primate evolution.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jun;10(6):2513-20 PMID: 1692956
  56. Isolation of novel human retrovirus-related sequences by hybridization to synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to the tRNA(Pro) primer-binding site.
    J Virol. 1987 Jul;61(7):2071-5 PMID: 2438428
  57. Genetic organization of gibbon ape leukemia virus.
    Virology. 1989 Nov;173(1):205-13 PMID: 2683360
  58. A human autoimmune protein associated with U1 RNA contains a region of homology that is cross-reactive with retroviral p30gag antigen.
    Cell. 1987 Oct 23;51(2):211-20 PMID: 2959371
  59. Nucleotide sequence of Moloney murine leukaemia virus.
    Nature. 1981 Oct 15-21;293(5833):543-8 PMID: 6169994
  60. Amplification and chromosomal dispersion of human endogenous retroviral sequences.
    J Virol. 1986 Sep;59(3):545-50 PMID: 3016318
  61. Identification and cloning of endogenous retroviral sequences present in human DNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Aug;78(8):4892-6 PMID: 6272283
  62. Endogenous retroviral elements in human DNA.
    Cancer Res. 1990 Sep 1;50(17 Suppl):5636S-5642S PMID: 2167160
  63. Retrovirus-like particles released from the human breast cancer cell line T47-D display type B- and C-related endogenous retroviral sequences.
    J Virol. 1995 Oct;69(10):6408-16 PMID: 7545247
  64. Reverse transcriptase encoded by a human transposable element.
    Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1808-10 PMID: 1722352
  65. Reverse transcription in the eukaryotic genome: retroviruses, pararetroviruses, retrotransposons, and retrotranscripts.
    Mol Biol Evol. 1985 Nov;2(6):455-68 PMID: 2835576
  66. Endogenous retroviral LTR DNA sequences as markers for individual human chromosomes.
    Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1991;57(1):18-22 PMID: 1713140
  67. Strategy for detecting cellular transcripts promoted by human endogenous long terminal repeats: identification of a novel gene (CDC4L) with homology to yeast CDC4.
    Genomics. 1992 Aug;13(4):1237-46 PMID: 1505956
  68. Endogenous retroviral expression in the human placenta.
    Am J Reprod Immunol. 1990 Aug;23(4):115-20 PMID: 1703766
  69. Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences.
    EMBO J. 1990 Oct;9(10):3353-62 PMID: 1698615
  70. The dichotomous size variation of human complement C4 genes is mediated by a novel family of endogenous retroviruses, which also establishes species-specific genomic patterns among Old World primates.
    Immunogenetics. 1994;40(6):425-36 PMID: 7545960
  71. Ultrastructural characterization of endogenous retroviral particles isolated from normal human placentas.
    Biol Reprod. 1994 Jul;51(1):152-7 PMID: 7522592
  72. Hotspots and warm spots: integration specificity of retroelements.
    Trends Genet. 1992 Jun;8(6):187-90 PMID: 1323152
  73. Non-Alu family interspersed repeats in human DNA and their transcriptional activity.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Mar 26;12 (6):2669-90 PMID: 6546796
  74. Retroviruses and retrotransposons: the role of reverse transcription in shaping the eukaryotic genome.
    Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):481-2 PMID: 2578883
  75. Presence of env genes in members of the RTVL-H family of human endogenous retrovirus-like elements.
    Virology. 1993 Jan;192(1):52-61 PMID: 8517031
  76. Genome analysis and reverse transcriptase activity of human teratocarcinoma-derived retroviruses.
    J Gen Virol. 1987 Nov;68 ( Pt 11):2807-15 PMID: 2445905
  77. Two additional potential retrotransposons isolated from a human L1 subfamily that contains an active retrotransposable element.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 15;90(14):6513-7 PMID: 8393568
  78. Human endogenous retrovirus-like sequences.
    Haematol Blood Transfus. 1989;32:464-77 PMID: 2696691
  79. Search for a human breast cancer virus.
    Nature. 1971 Feb 26;229(5287):611-4 PMID: 4925461
  80. Human endogenous retrovirus K10: expression of Gag protein and detection of antibodies in patients with seminomas.
    J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):414-21 PMID: 7983737
  81. LINE-1: a mammalian transposable element.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Dec 8;910(3):203-12 PMID: 2445384
  82. Banding profiles of LTR of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-A in 24 chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids.
    Genomics. 1992 Jun;13(2):461-4 PMID: 1612606
  83. Human SSAV-related endogenous retroviral element: LTR-like sequence and chromosomal localization to 18q21.
    Genomics. 1989 Jan;4(1):68-75 PMID: 2536635
  84. A family of short, interspersed repeats is associated with tandemly repetitive DNA in the human genome.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(10):3320-4 PMID: 3554237
  85. Distribution of moderately repetitive sequences pTR5 and LF1 in Xq24-q28 human DNA and their use in assembling YAC contigs.
    Genomics. 1992 Feb;12(2):264-75 PMID: 1740335
  86. Human proviral mRNAs down regulated in choriocarcinoma encode a zinc finger protein related to Krüppel.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):4401-5 PMID: 2115127
  87. Human endogenous retroviral element K10 (HERV-K10) encodes a full-length gag homologous 73-kDa protein and a functional protease.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1993 Apr;9(4):343-50 PMID: 8512750
  88. Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:631-61 PMID: 2427017
  89. Detection and cloning of new HTLV-related endogenous sequences in man.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Sep 12;17(17):6841-54 PMID: 2780312
  90. Renaturation rate studies of a single family of interspersed repeated sequences in human deoxyribonucleic acid.
    Biochemistry. 1981 May 26;20(11):3003-10 PMID: 6788076
  91. Reverse transcriptases. Retrons in bacteria.
    Nature. 1989 May 25;339(6222):254-5 PMID: 2471077
  92. Efficient packaging of a specific VL30 retroelement by psi 2 cells which produce MoMLV recombinant retroviruses.
    Hum Gene Ther. 1990 Winter;1(4):385-97 PMID: 1964095
  93. Endogenous retroviral long terminal repeats within the HLA-DQ locus.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jul;87(13):4927-31 PMID: 2114643
  94. Detection and cloning of human DNA sequences related to the mouse mammary tumor virus genome.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Sep;79(18):5503-7 PMID: 6291047
  95. Endogenous retroviruses in the human genome--a point of view.
    Virus Genes. 1995 Feb;9(3):211-8 PMID: 7597800
  96. Human endogenous retroviruslike genome with type C pol sequences and gag sequences related to human T-cell lymphotropic viruses.
    J Virol. 1987 Dec;61(12):4060-6 PMID: 2446010
  97. Ancestry of a human endogenous retrovirus family.
    J Virol. 1989 Nov;63(11):4982-5 PMID: 2507793
  98. A human endogenous long terminal repeat provides a polyadenylation signal to a novel, alternatively spliced transcript in normal placenta.
    Gene. 1992 Nov 16;121(2):287-94 PMID: 1446826
  99. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-related endogenous sequence, HRES-1, encodes a 28-kDa protein: a possible autoantigen for HTLV-I gag-reactive autoantibodies.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 1;89(5):1939-43 PMID: 1347429
  100. Particles with properties of retroviruses in monocytes from patients with breast cancer.
    Lancet. 1988 Jan 2-9;1(8575-6):5-9 PMID: 2447453
  101. A novel human nonviral retroposon derived from an endogenous retrovirus.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Nov 11;15(21):8725-37 PMID: 2825118
  102. Human genome organization: Alu, lines, and the molecular structure of metaphase chromosome bands.
    Cell. 1988 May 6;53(3):391-400 PMID: 3365767
  103. Origin of retroviruses from cellular moveable genetic elements.
    Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):599-600 PMID: 6254661
  104. Identification of a retinoic acid-inducible endogenous retroviral transcript in the human teratocarcinoma-derived cell line PA-1.
    J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):6343-8 PMID: 1920638
  105. Splice-mediated insertion of an Alu sequence inactivates ornithine delta-aminotransferase: a role for Alu elements in human mutation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 1;88(3):815-9 PMID: 1992472
  106. Human endogenous retroviral elements and autoimmunity: data and concepts.
    Trends Microbiol. 1993 Jul;1(4):153-6 PMID: 8143131
  107. Evidence that HERV-K is the endogenous retrovirus sequence that codes for the human teratocarcinoma-derived retrovirus HTDV.
    Virology. 1993 Sep;196(1):349-53 PMID: 8356806
  108. Single copy sequences in galago DNA resemble a repetitive human retrotransposon-like family.
    J Mol Evol. 1990 Aug;31(2):92-100 PMID: 2170666
  109. Insertional mutations in mammals and mammalian cells.
    Mutat Res. 1992 Dec 1;284(1):53-74 PMID: 1279394
  110. Identification of a retrovirus-like repetitive element in human DNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Dec;81(23):7510-4 PMID: 6095301
  111. S71 is a phylogenetically distinct human endogenous retroviral element with structural and sequence homology to simian sarcoma virus (SSV).
    Virology. 1990 Jan;174(1):225-38 PMID: 2152993
  112. The human growth hormone gene family: structure and evolution of the chromosomal locus.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Jun 25;11(12):3939-58 PMID: 6306568
  113. Characterization of novel reverse transcriptase encoding human endogenous retroviral sequences similar to type A and type B retroviruses: differential transcription in normal human tissues.
    J Virol. 1993 Nov;67(11):6778-87 PMID: 7692084
  114. Cloned endogenous retroviral sequences from human DNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(15):4709-13 PMID: 6181510
  115. Transcription of a human transposon-like sequence is usually directed by other promoters.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 10;15(13):5199-215 PMID: 3037490
  116. Genomic distribution and transcription of solitary HERV-K LTRs.
    Genomics. 1993 Nov;18(2):261-9 PMID: 8288228
  117. Characterization and genomic mapping of the ZNF80 locus: expression of this zinc-finger gene is driven by a solitary LTR of ERV9 endogenous retroviral family.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Aug 11;23(15):2823-30 PMID: 7659503
  118. Identification of new human repetitive sequences: characterization of the corresponding cDNAs and their expression in embryonal carcinoma cells.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Aug 11;17(15):5913-22 PMID: 2475853
  119. A new retrotransposable human L1 element from the LRE2 locus on chromosome 1q produces a chimaeric insertion.
    Nat Genet. 1994 Jun;7(2):143-8 PMID: 7920631
  120. Properties of retrovirus-like particles produced by a human breast carcinoma cell line: immunological relationship with mouse mammary tumor virus proteins.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jul;81(13):4188-92 PMID: 6330748
  121. Insertional mutagenesis of the myc locus by a LINE-1 sequence in a human breast carcinoma.
    Nature. 1988 May 5;333(6168):87-90 PMID: 2834650
  122. The Lake Casitas wild mouse: evolving genetic resistance to retroviral disease.
    Trends Genet. 1991 Jan;7(1):22-7 PMID: 1848377
  123. Chromosomal localization of human endogenous retroviral element ERV1 to 18q22----q23 by in situ hybridization.
    Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1987;44(2-3):167-70 PMID: 3568764
  124. Haemophilia B due to a de novo insertion of a human-specific Alu subfamily member within the coding region of the factor IX gene.
    Eur J Hum Genet. 1993;1(1):30-6 PMID: 8069649
  125. Defective retrovirus-like 30S RNA species of rat and mouse cells are infectious if packaged by type C helper virus.
    J Virol. 1979 Mar;29(3):964-72 PMID: 221684
  126. Detection of multiple, novel reverse transcriptase coding sequences in human nucleic acids: relation to primate retroviruses.
    J Virol. 1989 Jan;63(1):64-75 PMID: 2462064
  127. Nucleotide sequence of the Syrian hamster intracisternal A-particle gene: close evolutionary relationship of type A particle gene to types B and D oncovirus genes.
    J Virol. 1985 Aug;55(2):387-94 PMID: 2991563
  128. Spliced HERV-H endogenous retroviral sequences in human genomic DNA: evidence for amplification via retrotransposition.
    Virology. 1995 Jan 10;206(1):164-73 PMID: 7831772
  129. HERV-H endogenous retroviruses: presence in the New World branch but amplification in the Old World primate lineage.
    Virology. 1995 Nov 10;213(2):395-404 PMID: 7491764
  130. Splicing of a human endogenous retrovirus to a novel phospholipase A2 related gene.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Jan 11;21(1):135-43 PMID: 8382789
  131. Two defective forms of reverse transcriptase can complement to restore retroviral infectivity.
    EMBO J. 1993 Nov;12(11):4433-8 PMID: 7693456
  132. Isolation and characterization of retrovirus-like elements from normal human fetuses.
    Int J Cancer. 1982 Sep 15;30(3):281-7 PMID: 7129678
  133. Evolutionary implications of primate endogenous retroviruses.
    Virology. 1991 Jun;182(2):495-502 PMID: 1708932
  134. Endogenous retroviruses: potential etiologic agents in autoimmunity.
    FASEB J. 1992 May;6(8):2537-44 PMID: 1592206
  135. Defective retroviruses can disperse in the human genome by intracellular transposition.
    J Virol. 1991 Apr;65(4):2113-8 PMID: 2002554
  136. Molecular cloning and long terminal repeat sequences of human endogenous retrovirus genes related to types A and B retrovirus genes.
    J Virol. 1986 Jun;58(3):937-44 PMID: 3009897
  137. A cluster of transposon-like repetitive sequences in intron 7 of the human dystrophin gene.
    J Mol Biol. 1993 Jul 5;232(1):314-21 PMID: 8392588
Article Info
Journal
Virus genes
Abbr.
Virus Genes
ISSN
0920-8569
DOI
10.1007/BF01728654
Published
1995-00-00
Pages
133-45
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8803967
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1007/BF01728654 View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2