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PMID: 22105624 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review.

Molecular psychiatry ·Vol. 17 ·No. 10 ·2012-10-00 ·Pages 960-87

Franke B, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Bau CH, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Mick E, Grevet EH, Johansson S, Haavik J, Lesch KP, Cormand B, Reif A, International Multicentre persistent ADHD CollaboraTion

Abstract

The adult form of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) has a prevalence of up to 5% and is the most severe long-term outcome of this common neurodevelopmental disorder. Family studies in clinical samples suggest an increased familial liability for aADHD compared with childhood ADHD (cADHD), whereas twin studies based on self-rated symptoms in adult population samples show moderate heritability estimates of 30-40%. However, using multiple sources of information, the heritability of clinically diagnosed aADHD and cADHD is very similar. Results of candidate gene as well as genome-wide molecular genetic studies in aADHD samples implicate some of the same genes involved in ADHD in children, although in some cases different alleles and different genes may be responsible for adult versus childhood ADHD. Linkage studies have been successful in identifying loci for aADHD and led to the identification of LPHN3 and CDH13 as novel genes associated with ADHD across the lifespan. In addition, studies of rare genetic variants have identified probable causative mutations for aADHD. Use of endophenotypes based on neuropsychology and neuroimaging, as well as next-generation genome analysis and improved statistical and bioinformatic analysis methods hold the promise of identifying additional genetic variants involved in disease etiology. Large, international collaborations have paved the way for well-powered studies. Progress in identifying aADHD risk genes may provide us with tools for the prediction of disease progression in the clinic and better treatment, and ultimately may help to prevent persistence of ADHD into adulthood.

MeSH Terms
Adult Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics Cadherins/genetics Family Health Genetic Association Studies Genetic Linkage Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics Genetics Humans Neuroimaging Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics Receptors, Peptide/genetics
Chemicals
ADGRL3 protein, human Cadherins H-cadherin Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled Receptors, Peptide
Authors & Affiliations
14 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Franke B
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. [email protected]
Faraone S V
Asherson P
Buitelaar J
Bau C H D
Ramos-Quiroga J A
Mick E
Grevet E H
Johansson S
Haavik J
Lesch K-P
Cormand B
Reif A
International Multicentre persistent ADHD CollaboraTion
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Article Info
Journal
Molecular psychiatry
Abbr.
Mol Psychiatry
ISSN
1476-5578
DOI
10.1038/mp.2011.138
Email
[email protected]
Published
2012-10-00
Epub
2011-00-22
Pages
960-87
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
9607835
PMCID
PMC3449233
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.138 PMC Full Text View journal details
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