Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 9623881 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

The 2-5A system: modulation of viral and cellular processes through acceleration of RNA degradation.

Pharmacology & therapeutics ·Vol. 78 ·No. 2 ·1998-05-00 ·Pages 55-113

Player MR, Torrence PF

Abstract

The 2-5A system is an RNA degradation pathway that can be induced by the interferons (IFNs). Treatment of cells with IFN activates genes encoding several double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent synthetases. These enzymes generate 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-phosphodiester-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. The effects of 2-5A in cells are transient since 2-5A is unstable in cells due to the activities of phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. 2-5A activates the endoribonuclease 2-5A-dependent RNase L, causing degradation of single-stranded RNA with moderate specificity. The human 2-5A-dependent RNase is an 83.5 kDa polypeptide that has little, if any, RNase activity, unless 2-5A is present. 2-5A binding to RNase L switches the enzyme from its off-state to its on-state. At least three 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates and a single 5'-phosphoryl group are required for maximal activation of the RNase. Even though the constitutive presence of 2-5A-dependent RNase is observed in nearly all mammalian cell types, cellular amounts of 2-5A-dependent mRNA and activity can increase after IFN treatment. One well-established role of the 2-5A system is as a host defense against some types of viruses. Since virus infection of cells results in the production and secretion of IFNs, and since dsRNA is both a frequent product of virus infection and an activator of 2-5A synthesis, the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus, which produces dsRNA during its life cycle, is greatly suppressed in IFN-treated cells as a direct result of RNA decay by the activated 2-5A-dependent RNase. This review covers the organic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular biology of 2-5A and its associated enzymes. Additional possible biological roles of the 2-5A system, such as in cell growth and differentiation, human immunodeficiency virus replication, heat shock, atherosclerotic plaque, pathogenesis of Type I diabetes, and apoptosis, are presented.

MeSH Terms
Adenine Nucleotides/chemistry,metabolism Antiviral Agents/chemistry,metabolism Cell Physiological Phenomena/drug effects Humans Interferons/pharmacology Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry,metabolism Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/chemistry,metabolism RNA, Double-Stranded/drug effects Viruses/drug effects
Chemicals
Adenine Nucleotides Antiviral Agents Oligoribonucleotides Protein Synthesis Inhibitors RNA, Double-Stranded 2',5'-oligoadenylate Interferons
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Player M R
Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA.
Torrence P F
References (463)
463 references, click to expand
  1. Ability of insulin and DsRNA to induce interferon system and Hsp 70 in fibroblast and epithelial cells in relation to their effects on cell growth.
    Exp Cell Res. 1994 Aug;213(2):383-90 PMID: 7519564
  2. 8-Azido double-stranded RNA photoaffinity probes. Enzymatic synthesis, characterization, and biological properties of poly(I,8-azidoI).poly(C) and poly(I,8-azidoI).poly(C12U) with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and protein kinase.
    J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 5;265(10):5470-4 PMID: 2318823
  3. Only one 3'-hydroxyl group of ppp5' A2'p5'A2'p5' A (2-5A) is required for activation of the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 25;263(3):1131-9 PMID: 3335533
  4. The synergistic cytocidal effect produced by immune interferon and tumor necrosis factor in HT-29 cells is associated with inhibition of rRNA processing and (2',5') oligo (A) activation of RNase L.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Mar 30;151(3):1180-7 PMID: 2451518
  5. Synthesis and properties of a modified 2'-5'-adenylate trimer containing 2'-terminal 8-bromoadenosine.
    Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1985;(16):133-6 PMID: 4088858
  6. Hepatitis delta virus replication in vitro is not affected by interferon-alpha or -gamma despite intact cellular responses to interferon and dsRNA.
    J Gen Virol. 1994 Jun;75 ( Pt 6):1371-8 PMID: 7911507
  7. Increased toxicity of double-stranded ribonucleic acid in virus-infected animals.
    Infect Immun. 1973 Feb;7(2):167-72 PMID: 4348963
  8. Synthesis, characterization and properties of ppp(A2'p)nApCp and related high-specific-activity 32P-labelled derivatives of ppp(A2'p)nA.
    Eur J Biochem. 1981 Mar 16;115(1):79-85 PMID: 7227373
  9. Enzymatic synthesis of diadenosine tetraphosphate and diadenosine triphosphate with a purified lysyl-sRNA synthetase.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1966 Jul 6;24(1):91-7 PMID: 5338216
  10. Synthesis of 2'5'-oligo(A) in extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Jun 25;254(12):5058-64 PMID: 447635
  11. Chemical modification potentiates the biological activities of 2-5A and its congeners.
    J Biol Chem. 1982 Nov 10;257(21):12739-45 PMID: 7130175
  12. An efficient chemical synthesis of adenylyl(2' goes to 5')adenylyl(2' goes to 5')adenosine [(2'-5')-oligo(A)].
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):233-44 PMID: 7329321
  13. Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis.
    N Engl J Med. 1979 May 24;300(21):1173-9 PMID: 219345
  14. 2',5'-oligoadenylates inhibit relaxation of supercoiled DNA by calf thymus DNA topoisomerase I.
    J Interferon Res. 1991 Jun;11(3):143-9 PMID: 1655915
  15. Localization of the interferon-induced, 2-5A-dependent RNase gene (RNS4) to human chromosome 1q25.
    Genomics. 1994 Jan 1;19(1):174-5 PMID: 7514564
  16. Cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of activities of synthetase and phosphodiesterase of 2',5'-oligoadenylate in NIH 3T3 cells.
    Mol Cell Biochem. 1984;58(1-2):165-71 PMID: 6323957
  17. Structural requirements of double-stranded RNA for the activation of 2',5'-oligo(A) polymerase and protein kinase of interferon-treated HeLa cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Oct 25;254(20):10180-3 PMID: 489592
  18. Principles and background for the construction of transgenic plants displaying multiple virus resistance.
    Arch Virol Suppl. 1994;9:41-50 PMID: 8032271
  19. Regulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by interferons and platelet-derived growth factor.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Mar;9(3):1060-8 PMID: 2542764
  20. Preferential effect of gamma interferon on the synthesis of HLA antigens and their mRNAs in human cells.
    Nature. 1982 Oct 28;299(5886):833-6 PMID: 6290893
  21. Induction of interferon-beta and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNAs by interleukin 6 during differentiation of murine myeloid cells.
    Cytokine. 1990 Jul;2(4):238-46 PMID: 2151766
  22. Biological activities of phosphodiester linkage isomers of 2-5A.
    J Biol Chem. 1983 Nov 10;258(21):13082-8 PMID: 6630222
  23. Enhanced level of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with viral infections.
    J Interferon Res. 1986 Apr;6(2):85-96 PMID: 2425017
  24. 2'5'-adenylate inhibition of erythropoietin-dependent colony formation.
    Stem Cells. 1982;1(4-5):261-8 PMID: 7147092
  25. Indomethacin enhances serum 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in patients with hepatitis B and C virus chronic active hepatitis.
    J Hepatol. 1994 Dec;21(6):984-8 PMID: 7699263
  26. The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme.
    Cell. 1983 Dec;35(3 Pt 2):849-57 PMID: 6197186
  27. Activation of ribonuclease L by (2'-5')(A)4-poly(L-lysine) conjugates in intact cells.
    Biochemistry. 1986 Jun 17;25(12):3730-6 PMID: 3013297
  28. Virus-mediated inhibition of the ppp(A2'p)nA system and its prevention by interferon.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982 Jan 29;104(2):376-82 PMID: 6176229
  29. Early chemical evolution of nucleic acids: a theoretical model.
    Science. 1977 Apr 15;196(4287):311-3 PMID: 583625
  30. Interferon, double-stranded RNA and RNA degradation. Fractionation of the endonucleaseINT system into two macromolecular components; role of a small molecule in nuclease activation.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1978 Apr 14;81(3):947-54 PMID: 566549
  31. Chromosome 1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1B) locus in the Fc gamma receptor gene region.
    Hum Genet. 1991 Nov;88(1):1-12 PMID: 1683643
  32. Synthesis of (2'-5')oligoadenylate and activation of an endoribonuclease in interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with reovirus.
    J Virol. 1982 Jun;42(3):1039-45 PMID: 6178844
  33. Inhibition of the RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus by ppp5'A2'p5'A and related compounds.
    Antiviral Res. 1990 Feb;13(2):81-9 PMID: 2160797
  34. Induction of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase in murine JLS-V9R cells during growth inhibition.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(16):4954-8 PMID: 6576368
  35. Regulation of HIV gene expression by RNA-protein interactions.
    Trends Genet. 1991 Jan;7(1):9-14 PMID: 2003337
  36. Oligo-2',5'-adenylate synthetase activity in cells persistently infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I).
    Microbiol Immunol. 1992;36(4):425-9 PMID: 1406369
  37. Comparison of (2'-5') oligo-adenylate synthetase and interferon blood-levels in mice early after viral infection.
    J Interferon Res. 1982;2(2):285-9 PMID: 6181178
  38. Mechanism of interferon action. Species specificity of interferon and of the interferon-mediated inhibitor of translation from mouse, monkey, and human cells.
    Virology. 1977 Apr;77(2):556-65 PMID: 404755
  39. Fractionation and characterization of 2',5'-oligoadenylates by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: an alternative method for assaying 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
    J Interferon Res. 1991 Feb;11(1):33-40 PMID: 1709417
  40. Preparation and characterization of polyclonal antibodies specific for the 69 and 100 k-dalton forms of human 2-5A synthetase.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Apr 28;160(2):580-7 PMID: 2470369
  41. Metabolic stability of 2' 5'oligo (A) and activity of 2' 5'oligo (A)-dependent endonuclease in extracts of interferon-treated and control HeLa cells.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Feb;6(2):767-80 PMID: 424314
  42. Conformational analysis of brominated pA2'-5'A2'-5'A analogs. An NMR and model-building study.
    Eur J Biochem. 1989 Jul 1;182(3):629-37 PMID: 2753035
  43. Early events in signalling by interferons.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1993 Sep;18(9):338-42 PMID: 7694399
  44. Dual action of double-stranded RNA inhibiting protein synthesis in extracts of interferon-treated mouse L cells. Translation is impaired at the level of initiation and by mRNA degradation.
    Eur J Biochem. 1978 May 16;86(2):497-509 PMID: 207529
  45. Effect of temperature on ppp(A2'p)nA binding protein activities in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and other mammalian extracts.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Nov 30;117(1):57-64 PMID: 6661230
  46. Truncation does not abrogate transcriptional downregulation of the c-myc gene by sodium butyrate in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.
    EMBO J. 1987 Oct;6(10):2959-64 PMID: 3691477
  47. The epidermal growth factor- and interferon-independent effects of double-stranded RNA in A431 cells.
    Mol Pharmacol. 1988 Oct;34(4):461-6 PMID: 2459591
  48. The respective roles of the protein kinase and pppA2' p5' A2' p5 A-activated endonuclease in the inhibition of protein synthesis by double stranded RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysates.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Apr;6(4):1335-50 PMID: 450698
  49. Synthesis and biological activities of oligo(8-bromoadenylates) as analogues of 5'-O-triphosphoadenylyl(2'----5')adenylyl(2'----5')adenosine.
    J Med Chem. 1986 Jun;29(6):1015-22 PMID: 3712372
  50. pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A: an inhibitor of protein synthesis synthesized with an enzyme fraction from interferon-treated cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jan;75(1):256-60 PMID: 272640
  51. Posttranscriptional regulation of c-myc proto-oncogene expression and growth inhibition by recombinant human interferon-beta ser17 in a human colon carcinoma cell line.
    Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;30(1):12-20 PMID: 1586975
  52. 2',5'-Oligoadenylates and related 2',5'-oligonucleotide analogues. 1. Substrate specificity of the interferon-induced murine 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and enzymatic synthesis of oligomers.
    Biochemistry. 1983 Apr 26;22(9):2116-26 PMID: 6190508
  53. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I activity by 2',5'-oligoadenylates and mismatched double-stranded RNA in uninfected and HIV-1-infected H9 cells.
    Chem Biol Interact. 1994 Feb;90(2):169-83 PMID: 8156606
  54. Conformational analysis of the nucleotides A2'-5'A, A2'-5'A2'-5'A and A2'-5'U from nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies.
    Eur J Biochem. 1981 May 15;116(2):403-12 PMID: 7250133
  55. Conformational studies of (2'-5') polynucleotides: theoretical computations of energy, base morphology, helical structure, and duplex formation.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jul 11;14(13):5461-79 PMID: 2426656
  56. 2-5A synthetase: assay, distribution and variation with growth or hormone status.
    Nature. 1979 Mar 29;278(5703):471-3 PMID: 450053
  57. Stoichiometry of 2',5'-oligoadenylate-induced dimerization of ribonuclease L. A sedimentation equilibrium study.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 23;271(8):3979-81 PMID: 8626728
  58. Basal and interferon-induced 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in human monocytes, lymphocytes, and peritoneal macrophages.
    J Interferon Res. 1990 Aug;10(4):393-402 PMID: 2121851
  59. Antiviral effects of 2',5'oligoadenylates (2-5As), and related compounds.
    Microbiol Immunol. 1990;34(9):737-47 PMID: 2178211
  60. Homologies between different forms of 2-5A synthetases.
    Prog Mol Subcell Biol. 1994;14:139-49 PMID: 8061882
  61. Interleukin-6 induces the (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase gene in M1 cells through an effect on the interferon-responsive enhancer.
    Cytokine. 1991 Mar;3(2):83-91 PMID: 1888886
  62. Phase I trial of an oral immunomodulator and interferon inducer in cancer patients.
    Cancer Res. 1993 Nov 1;53(21):5176-80 PMID: 8221654
  63. Distribution of the ppp(A2'p)nA-binding protein and interferon-related enzymes in animals, plants, and lower organisms.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982 Oct 15;108(3):1243-50 PMID: 6185117
  64. Terminal differentiation of myeloleukemic M1 cells induced by IL-6: role of endogenous interferon.
    Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1991 Oct;10(5):369-75 PMID: 1768740
  65. Induction of DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 cells by serum components: reevaluation of the commitment process.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Oct;74(10):4481-5 PMID: 270695
  66. Chromosome anomalies in human breast cancer: evidence for specific involvement of 1q region in lymphocyte cultures.
    Anticancer Res. 1991 May-Jun;11(3):1055-60 PMID: 1888138
  67. 2'5'-linked polynucleotides do form a double-stranded helical structure: a result from the energy minimization study of A2'p5'A.
    Biopolymers. 1986 Apr;25(4):729-52 PMID: 3708111
  68. Immunological evidence for the in vivo occurrence of (2'-5')adenylyladenosine oligonucleotides in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(8):2322-6 PMID: 6425831
  69. Characterization of 69- and 100-kDa forms of 2-5A-synthetase from interferon-treated human cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 5;263(10):4945-9 PMID: 3350819
  70. Possible involvement of (2'5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity in pre-mRNA splicing.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10377-81 PMID: 1720538
  71. Interferon-induced expression of different genes is mediated by distinct regulatory pathways.
    Virology. 1989 May;170(1):277-81 PMID: 2470194
  72. Association of 2'-5' oligoribonucleotides.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Apr 11;20(7):1685-90 PMID: 1579460
  73. Variation of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate) synthetase activity during rat-liver regeneration.
    Eur J Biochem. 1983 Feb 1;130(2):269-73 PMID: 6825692
  74. (2'-5')Oligoadenylate in rat liver: modulation after partial hepatectomy.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(15):4609-13 PMID: 6308630
  75. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate-dependent RNAse located in nuclei: biochemical characterization and subcellular distribution of the nuclease in human and murine cells.
    Biochem J. 1993 Nov 15;296 ( Pt 1):155-60 PMID: 8250837
  76. Changes in the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway in a controlled clinical trial with poly(I)-poly(C12U) in chronic fatigue syndrome.
    In Vivo. 1994 Jul-Aug;8(4):599-604 PMID: 7893988
  77. Correlation between the antiviral effect of interferon treatment and the inhibition of in vitro mRNA translation in noninfected L cells.
    J Virol. 1973 Sep;12(3):421-30 PMID: 4355848
  78. Antiviral activity in L1210 cells of liposome-encapsulated (2'-5')oligo(adenylate) analogues.
    Eur J Biochem. 1985 Sep 2;151(2):319-25 PMID: 2992962
  79. Hydrolytic stability of helical RNA: a selective advantage for the natural 3',5'-bond.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Apr;73(4):1149-53 PMID: 1063396
  80. 3' end structure of the human (2'-5') oligo A synthetase gene: prediction of two distinct proteins with cell type-specific expression.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1267-81 PMID: 2860635
  81. Cortisol induces (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase in cultured chick embryo tendon fibroblasts.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982 Apr 14;105(3):876-81 PMID: 7092905
  82. Growth regulation of A431 cells. Modulation of expression of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 15;265(8):4578-82 PMID: 2106521
  83. Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 1q, 5q, and 17p in human gastric carcinomas.
    Cancer Res. 1991 Jun 1;51(11):2926-31 PMID: 2032230
  84. Reversibility of the antiproliferative effect of interferon.
    Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul. 1990;9(3):191-202 PMID: 2370879
  85. A conformational study of adenylyl-(3',5')-adenosine and adenylyl-(2',5')-adenosine in aqueous solution by carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1976 Feb;3(2):355-70 PMID: 1257051
  86. Effect of interferon pretreatment on coupled transcription and translation in cell-free extracts of primary chick embryo cells.
    Virology. 1978 Feb;84(2):496-508 PMID: 203098
  87. Action of quail and chicken interferons on a quail cell line, QT35.
    J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995 Apr;15(4):297-300 PMID: 7543005
  88. Induction and maintenance of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in interferon-treated chicken embryo cells.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Nov;2(11):1436-43 PMID: 6186904
  89. Identification of 69-kd and 100-kd forms of 2-5A synthetase in interferon-treated human cells by specific monoclonal antibodies.
    EMBO J. 1987 May;6(5):1273-80 PMID: 2440675
  90. Spectrophotometric pyrophosphate assay of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Anal Biochem. 1992 Nov 15;207(1):90-3 PMID: 1336938
  91. Increased IFN-alpha-induced sensitivity but reduced reactivity of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2,5AS) in trisomy 21 blood lymphocytes.
    Clin Exp Immunol. 1993 Jul;93(1):93-6 PMID: 8324908
  92. Conformational analysis of the trinucleoside diphosphate 3'd(A2'-5'A2'-5'A). An NMR and CD study.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Jul 11;11(13):4569-82 PMID: 6866773
  93. Synthesis and characterization of (2'-5')ppp3'dA(p3'dA)n, an analogue of (2'-5')pppA(pA)n.
    Nature. 1981 May 28;291(5813):355-8 PMID: 7231556
  94. Full-length sequence and expression of the 42 kDa 2-5A synthetase induced by human interferon.
    FEBS Lett. 1986 Feb 3;196(1):113-20 PMID: 3753689
  95. Mechanism for discrimination between viral and host mRNA in interferon-treated cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jun;76(6):2600-4 PMID: 223150
  96. Oligo(2'-5')adenylate synthetase in human lymphoblastoid cells.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Nov 28;97(2):375-83 PMID: 6162460
  97. HIV-1 TAR RNA has an intrinsic ability to activate interferon-inducible enzymes.
    Virology. 1994 Nov 1;204(2):823-7 PMID: 7524241
  98. Interferon-induced revertants of ras-transformed cells: resistance to transformation by specific oncogenes and retransformation by 5-azacytidine.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jun;7(6):2196-200 PMID: 2439904
  99. Release of the inhibition of messenger RNA translation in extracts of interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by added transfer RNA.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Apr 8;57(3):763-70 PMID: 4363942
  100. Constitutive expression of (2'-5') oligo A synthetase confers resistance to picornavirus infection.
    Nature. 1987 Dec 10-16;330(6148):587-8 PMID: 2825034
  101. Induction of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase and activation of ribonuclease in tamoxifen treated human breast cancer cell lines.
    J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1989 Oct-Dec;3(4):167-74 PMID: 2638149
  102. Constitutive expression of a 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase cDNA results in increased antiviral activity and growth suppression.
    J Interferon Res. 1989 Dec;9(6):649-57 PMID: 2481699
  103. Differential activity of the 30-kD and the 100-kD forms of 2'-5'An synthetase induced by recombinant human interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma.
    J Interferon Res. 1988 Jun;8(3):275-82 PMID: 3137274
  104. (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase in chicken embryo erythrocytes and immature red blood cells.
    J Biochem. 1986 Jan;99(1):119-24 PMID: 2420783
  105. Different mechanisms for activation of gene transcription by interferons alpha and gamma.
    Virology. 1985 Jul 15;144(1):173-80 PMID: 3933177
  106. Expression of the c-fos gene and of an fos-related gene is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor.
    Science. 1984 Nov 30;226(4678):1080-2 PMID: 6093261
  107. Effects of rubella virus infection on islet function.
    Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1990;156:63-74 PMID: 2199166
  108. The sequential change of serum 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase in different infectious patterns of duck hepatitis B virus in ducks in experimental transmission.
    Gastroenterol Jpn. 1992 Jun;27(3):374-81 PMID: 1378031
  109. Reduced steady-state levels of vaccinia virus-specific early mRNAs in interferon-treated chick embryo fibroblasts.
    Virology. 1987 May;158(1):28-33 PMID: 2437697
  110. Elevated levels of 2',5'-linked oligoadenylate-dependent ribonuclease L occur as an early event in colorectal tumorigenesis.
    Clin Cancer Res. 1995 Nov;1(11):1421-8 PMID: 9815940
  111. Analogue inhibitor of 2-5A action: effect on the interferon-mediated inhibition of encephalomyocarditis virus replication.
    EMBO J. 1985 Feb;4(2):431-6 PMID: 2410258
  112. A Ca2+ release mechanism gated by the novel pyridine nucleotide, NAADP.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1997 Apr;18(4):108-10 PMID: 9149538
  113. The 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase has a multifunctional 2'5' nucleotidyl-transferase activity.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 May 29;100(2):847-56 PMID: 6268077
  114. Induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and blast transformation in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells following exposure to interferon in vitro.
    Cancer Res. 1986 Apr;46(4 Pt 2):2160-3 PMID: 2418964
  115. The 2'-5' adenylate (2-5A) system in erythropoiesis.
    Blood Cells. 1984;10(2-3):193-210 PMID: 6543650
  116. Natural occurrence of 2-5A in interferon-treated EMC virus-infected L cells.
    Nature. 1979 Dec 6;282(5739):582-6 PMID: 95208
  117. Analysis of (2'-5')-oligo(A) and related oligonucleotides by high-performance liquid chromatography.
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):208-16 PMID: 6173667
  118. An improved method for purifying 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases.
    J Biol Chem. 1984 Jan 25;259(2):1363-70 PMID: 6693390
  119. (2'-5')Oligoadenylate synthetase in pig spleen: isolation and characterization.
    J Biochem. 1983 Nov;94(5):1421-8 PMID: 6654863
  120. Biological and clinical effects of the combination of beta- and gamma-interferons administered as a 5-day continuous infusion.
    Cancer Res. 1990 Aug 1;50(15):4588-94 PMID: 2114942
  121. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase activity in lymphocytes from normal mouse.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Dec 10;254(23):12034-7 PMID: 500692
  122. Polyclonal antibodies against RNase L. Subcellular localization of this enzyme in mouse cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 25;266(9):5808-13 PMID: 1706339
  123. Interferon action: RNA cleavage pattern of a (2'-5')oligoadenylate--dependent endonuclease.
    Science. 1981 May 29;212(4498):1030-2 PMID: 6165080
  124. Synthesis and properties of 5'-triphosphoryl 2'-5' oligoadenylates (2-5A), and a general method for synthesis of 3', 5'-bisphosphorylated oligonucleotides.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Apr 24;9(8):2003-20 PMID: 7243596
  125. Role of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in gamma-interferon-mediated growth inhibition of A431 cells.
    Cancer Res. 1989 Sep 15;49(18):5180-4 PMID: 2504485
  126. Clinical, immunological, and virological effects of ampligen, a mismatched double-stranded RNA, in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex.
    Lancet. 1987 Jun 6;1(8545):1286-92 PMID: 2884413
  127. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA from hairy cell leukemia patients activates 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Anticancer Res. 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):1927-32 PMID: 1768064
  128. An early event in the interferon-induced transmembrane signaling process.
    Science. 1986 Oct 17;234(4774):355-8 PMID: 2429366
  129. A conserved double-stranded RNA-binding domain.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10979-83 PMID: 1438302
  130. Independent regulation of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase in NIH 3T3, clone 1 cells by growth arrest and interferon treatment.
    J Biol Chem. 1985 Aug 5;260(16):9501-7 PMID: 4019482
  131. Stereoconfiguration markedly affects the biochemical and biological properties of phosphorothioate analogs of 2-5A core, (A2'p5')2A.
    J Biol Chem. 1986 May 5;261(13):5999-6003 PMID: 3009440
  132. Translation of RNA by L cell extracts: Effect of interferon.
    FEBS Lett. 1972 Aug 15;24(3):273-277 PMID: 11946687
  133. 8-Methyladenosine-substituted analogues of 2-5A: synthesis and their biological activities.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Aug 11;19(15):4103-8 PMID: 1714563
  134. Effects of IFN-beta on growth of human prostatic JCA-1 cells.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Apr 15;200(1):467-74 PMID: 7909434
  135. Human 2-5A synthetase: characterization of a novel cDNA and corresponding gene structure.
    EMBO J. 1985 Jul;4(7):1761-8 PMID: 2411547
  136. Identification of the ATP binding domain of recombinant human 40-kDa 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-[alpha-32P]ATP.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 16;271(33):19983-90 PMID: 8702715
  137. Synthesis of 2'-end-modified 2'-5'-oligoadenylates.
    Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1985;(16):129-32 PMID: 4088856
  138. Occurrence of 2-5A and RNA degradation in the chick oviduct during rapid estrogen withdrawal.
    Biochemistry. 1988 May 3;27(9):3246-52 PMID: 2455540
  139. A (2'-5')An-dependent endonuclease: tissue distribution in BALB/c mice and the effects of IFN-beta treatment and anti-IFN-alpha/beta immunoglobulin on the levels of the enzyme.
    J Interferon Res. 1988 Aug;8(4):517-25 PMID: 3171245
  140. Maintenance of protein synthesis in spite of mRNA breakdown in interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with reovirus.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Jan;3(1):64-9 PMID: 6828030
  141. Oligonucleotide interactions. IV. Conformational differences between deoxy- and ribodinucleoside phosphates.
    Biopolymers. 1970;9(9):1079-103 PMID: 5449436
  142. Induction of the 2-5A system by interferon and transmissible gastroenteritis virus.
    J Interferon Res. 1989 Dec;9(6):731-9 PMID: 2481702
  143. Enzyme immunoassay of 2'-5'-oligoadenylates at the femtomole level.
    Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol. 1987 Jan-Feb;138(1):83-96 PMID: 3555539
  144. Cloned human interferons alpha: differential affinities for polyinosinic acid and relationship between molecular structure and species specificity.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 May 29;145(1):426-35 PMID: 3036128
  145. Activation of the interferon system during myogenesis in vitro.
    Differentiation. 1990 Nov;45(2):138-45 PMID: 1711486
  146. Characterization of two murine (2'-5')(A)n-dependent endonucleases of different molecular mass.
    Eur J Biochem. 1989 Feb 15;179(3):595-602 PMID: 2920727
  147. Cultured human endothelial cells treated with recombinant leukocyte A interferon. Tubuloreticular inclusion formation, antiproliferative effect, and 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase induction.
    Lab Invest. 1988 May;58(5):584-9 PMID: 2835552
  148. The 69-kDa 2-5A synthetase is composed of two homologous and adjacent functional domains.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 May 15;267(14):9933-9 PMID: 1577824
  149. Transgenic potato plants expressing mammalian 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase are protected from potato virus X infection under field conditions.
    Biotechnology (N Y). 1993 Sep;11(9):1048-52 PMID: 7764002
  150. Synthesis and biological activity of a fluorescent analogue of 2-5A.
    FEBS Lett. 1983 Jan 24;151(2):291-6 PMID: 6832358
  151. Specific regulation of the 100 kDa 2-5 A synthetase by protein kinase C.
    Eur Cytokine Netw. 1991 Aug-Sep;2(4):281-90 PMID: 1756233
  152. Antiviral response and induction of specific proteins in cells treated with immune T (type II) interferon analogous to that from viral interferon (type I)-treated cells.
    Virology. 1980 Jul 15;104(1):195-204 PMID: 6156539
  153. Functional analysis of 2-5A-dependent RNase and 2-5a using 2',5'-oligoadenylate-cellulose.
    Anal Biochem. 1985 Feb 1;144(2):450-60 PMID: 3993910
  154. Abnormal behavior of interferon-induced enzymatic activities in an interferon-resistant cell line.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Aug;77(8):4479-83 PMID: 6159629
  155. Analogues and analogue inhibitors of ppp(A2'p)nA. Their stability and biological activity.
    Eur J Biochem. 1983 Apr 15;132(1):77-84 PMID: 6840086
  156. Selective inhibition of viral protein accumulation in interferon-treated cells; nondiscriminate inhibition of the translation of added viral and cellular messenger RNAs in their extracts.
    Virology. 1974 Jan;57(1):49-63 PMID: 4206536
  157. Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(16):4904-8 PMID: 6348777
  158. 2',5'-Oligo(A)-activated endoribonuclease. Tissue distribution and characterization with a binding assay.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 Nov 10;256(21):10751-4 PMID: 7287731
  159. Double-stranded RNA and interferon action.
    J Interferon Res. 1987 Oct;7(5):511-9 PMID: 2445849
  160. A functional protein kinase C is required for induction of 2-5A synthetase by recombinant interferon-alpha A in Daudi cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 Aug 25;264(24):14305-11 PMID: 2474543
  161. Interferon production in patients infected with HIV-1.
    J Infect Dis. 1989 May;159(5):815-21 PMID: 2468718
  162. Hormonal and immunological regulation of 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
    Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1992 Nov;65(2):183-92 PMID: 1356675
  163. On the biosynthesis and structure of double-stranded RNA in vaccinia virus-infected cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1969 Sep;64(1):396-403 PMID: 5263022
  164. Autocrine beta-related interferon controls c-myc suppression and growth arrest during hematopoietic cell differentiation.
    Cell. 1986 Jul 4;46(1):31-40 PMID: 2941150
  165. Isoforms p69 and p100 of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase induced differentially by interferons in vivo and in vitro.
    J Interferon Res. 1993 Feb;13(1):17-23 PMID: 8454907
  166. Interferon action--sequence specificity of the ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent ribonuclease.
    Nature. 1981 Jan 29;289(5796):414-7 PMID: 6162102
  167. The (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase is present in the lowest multicellular organisms, the marine sponges. Demonstration of the existence and identification of its reaction products.
    Eur J Biochem. 1995 Sep 1;232(2):351-7 PMID: 7556181
  168. Upregulation of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway associated with chronic fatigue syndrome.
    Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S96-104 PMID: 8148461
  169. 2- and 8-azido photoaffinity probes. 1. Enzymatic synthesis, characterization, and biological properties of 2- and 8-azido photoprobes of 2-5A and photolabeling of 2-5A binding proteins.
    Biochemistry. 1988 Nov 29;27(24):8840-6 PMID: 3242613
  170. A bipartite model of 2-5A-dependent RNase L.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 29;272(35):22236-42 PMID: 9268370
  171. Ribosomal RNA cleavage, nuclease activation and 2-5A(ppp(A2'p)nA) in interferon-treated cells.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Apr 10;9(7):1571-81 PMID: 6164990
  172. Rapid reduction of mRNA coding for 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells during apoptosis.
    Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1994 Mar;40(2):165-73 PMID: 8003947
  173. rRNA cleavage as an index of ppp(A2'p)nA activity in interferon-treated encephalomyocarditis virus-infected cells.
    J Virol. 1983 Jun;46(3):1051-5 PMID: 6190010
  174. The interferon-induced enzyme oligo-isoadenylate synthetase: rapid determination of its in vitro products.
    Anal Biochem. 1981 Jan 1;110(1):190-6 PMID: 6163372
  175. Pharmacokinetic study of a human recombinant interferon (Re-IFN-alpha A) in cynomolgus monkeys by 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase assay.
    Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1985 Jun;38(3):113-24 PMID: 2999483
  176. Interferon action may be mediated by activation of a nuclease by pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A.
    Nature. 1978 Jun 22;273(5664):684-7 PMID: 208001
  177. Comparative spectroscopic, calorimetric, and computational studies of nucleic acid complexes with 2',5"-versus 3',5"-phosphodiester linkages.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10568-72 PMID: 8248146
  178. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Cell-Free Systems from Interferon-Treated, Infected Cells: Further Characterization and Effect of Formylmethionyl-tRNA(F).
    J Virol. 1974 Jan;13(1):9-21 PMID: 16789138
  179. Effect of interferon and 2',5'-oligoadenylates on rotavirus RNA synthesis.
    Antiviral Res. 1995 Mar;26(2):133-43 PMID: 7605112
  180. Structural requirements of (2'-5') oligoadenylate for protein synthesis inhibition in human fibroblasts.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Mar 25;10(6):2163-74 PMID: 7079179
  181. Activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (dsl) by the TAR region of HIV-1 mRNA: a novel translational control mechanism.
    Cell. 1989 Jan 27;56(2):303-12 PMID: 2536299
  182. Raman spectroscopy of interferon-induced 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates.
    Biochemistry. 1987 Dec 1;26(24):7737-44 PMID: 2447947
  183. Slowed transcription and rapid messenger RNA turnover contribute to a decline in synthesis of ovine trophoblast protein-1 during in vitro culture.
    Biol Reprod. 1991 Jul;45(1):94-100 PMID: 1878440
  184. Synthesis of low molecular weight inhibitor of protein synthesis with enzyme from interferon-treated cells.
    Nature. 1977 Aug 11;268(5620):537-40 PMID: 560630
  185. Four different forms of interferon-induced 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase identified by immunoblotting in human cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 15;262(8):3852-7 PMID: 2434505
  186. pppA2'p5A' blocks vesicular stomatitis virus replication in intact cells.
    J Virol. 1984 Oct;52(1):183-7 PMID: 6090695
  187. Loss of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity by production of antisense RNA results in lack of protection by interferon from viral infections.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(3):658-62 PMID: 2433688
  188. Increased endonuclease activity in an extract from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which had been treated with a partially purified interferon preparation: dependence of double-stranded RNA;.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1976 Mar 8;69(1):114-22 PMID: 1259747
  189. Mode of action of the anti-AIDS compound poly(I).poly(C12U) (Ampligen): activator of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase.
    J Interferon Res. 1993 Apr;13(2):161-71 PMID: 8099601
  190. On the origin of RNA splicing and introns.
    Cell. 1985 Sep;42(2):397-400 PMID: 2411416
  191. Genetically determined target organ susceptibility in the pathogenesis of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis: aberrant expression of MHC-class II antigens and the possible role of virus.
    J Autoimmun. 1994 Feb;7(1):13-25 PMID: 8198698
  192. Sensitive radioimmuno assay for 2',5'-oligoadenylates using a novel 125I-labeled derivative of 2',5'-triadenylate 5'-triphosphate.
    J Biochem. 1985 Oct;98(4):999-1005 PMID: 4077849
  193. Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and RNA degradation. Isolation of homogeneous pppA(2'p5'A)n-1 synthetase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 May 10;255(9):3813-6 PMID: 6154703
  194. Suppressive effect of interferon on erythroid cell proliferation.
    Exp Hematol. 1979 Mar;7(3):145-50 PMID: 446582
  195. Methylxanthine treatment of rats reduces 2,5-oligoadenylate synthesis in liver nuclei.
    J Toxicol Environ Health. 1987;20(4):379-86 PMID: 3560260
  196. Induction of (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase activity during granulocyte and monocyte differentiation.
    Mol Cell Biochem. 1985 Jul;67(2):125-33 PMID: 4047025
  197. Differential expression and distinct structure of 69- and 100-kDa forms of 2-5A synthetase in human cells treated with interferon.
    J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18601-7 PMID: 2211721
  198. Ethanol induces 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and antiviral activities through interferon-beta production.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Jan 25;267(3):1741-5 PMID: 1309794
  199. Growth regulation of melanoma cells by interferon and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1983 May;3(5):780-6 PMID: 6865941
  200. Interferon-induced enzymes: microassays and their applications: purification and assay of (2'-5')-oligoadenylate synthetase and assay of 2'-phosphodiesterase.
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):149-61 PMID: 6173659
  201. The origin of the genetic code.
    J Mol Biol. 1968 Dec;38(3):367-79 PMID: 4887876
  202. Differential effects of two interferon-induced translational inhibitors on initiation of protein synthesis.
    Eur J Biochem. 1979 May 2;96(1):35-41 PMID: 456366
  203. Synthesis, characterisation and biological significance of (2'-5')oligoadenylate derivatives of NAD+, ADP-ribose and adenosine(5')tetraphospho(5')adenosine.
    Eur J Biochem. 1982 Mar 1;122(3):601-8 PMID: 6277637
  204. Presence of 2',5'-oligo(A) and of enzymes that synthesize, bind, and degrade 2',5'-oligo(A) in HeLa cell nuclei.
    J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb 25;257(4):1602-5 PMID: 6173380
  205. 2'5'Oligo(A) polymerase activity and inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in interferon-treated HeLa cells.
    Biochemistry. 1979 May 1;18(9):1765-70 PMID: 219884
  206. The search for missing links between self-replicating nucleic acids and the RNA world.
    Orig Life Evol Biosph. 1995 Dec;25(6):515-30 PMID: 7494634
  207. Phosphorylation of 2-5A core 5'-diphosphate to 2-5A in mouse L cell extracts.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Jan 31;126(2):917-21 PMID: 3838472
  208. Mechanism of interferon action: synthesis and activity of the interferon-mediated low-molecular-weight oligonucleotide from murine and human cells.
    Virology. 1979 Oct 15;98(1):9-19 PMID: 483575
  209. Cleavage of nascent reovirus mRNA by localized activation of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate-dependent endoribonuclease.
    J Virol. 1984 Dec;52(3):865-71 PMID: 6208382
  210. The activity of 2,5-oligoadenylate synthetase, an interferon-induced enzyme, is coupled to the differentiation state of mouse condylar cartilage.
    Differentiation. 1990 Jul;44(1):18-24 PMID: 2253837
  211. Clinical and in vitro antiproliferative properties of recombinant DNA-derived human interferon-alpha 2.
    Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1986 Fall;8(3):178-82 PMID: 3766908
  212. Interferon-regulated human 2-5A synthetase gene maps to chromosome 12.
    Somat Cell Mol Genet. 1986 Jul;12(4):403-8 PMID: 2426799
  213. Replacement of the ribofuranose oxygen of 2-5A derivatives by methylene: synthesis of an aristeromycin analogue of 2-5A core 5'-monophosphate (5'-O-phosphoryladenylyl)(2'----5')adenyl(2'----5')adenosine.
    J Med Chem. 1985 Sep;28(9):1376-80 PMID: 2993624
  214. Purification and analysis of murine 2-5A-dependent RNase.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 May 25;263(15):7336-41 PMID: 3366783
  215. Synthesis and biological activity of tubercidin analogues of ppp5'A2'p(5'A2'p)n5'A.
    Biochemistry. 1984 Jun 19;23(13):3063-9 PMID: 6466631
  216. Regulation of 2-5 A synthetase activity and antiviral state in interferon treated chick cells.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982 Mar 30;105(2):412-8 PMID: 6178403
  217. Lack of systematic correlation between the interferon mediated antiviral state and the levels of 2-5A synthetase and protein kinase in three different types of murine cells.
    J Interferon Res. 1981 Feb;1(2):179-90 PMID: 6286803
  218. 2',5' A synthetase: allosteric activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jun 29;169(3):1198-203 PMID: 2363721
  219. Development of the interferon system. I. In chicken cells development in ovo continues on time in vitro.
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1990 Oct;26(10):997-1003 PMID: 1700777
  220. Radioimmune, radiobinding and HPLC analysis of 2-5A and related oligonucleotides from intact cells.
    Nature. 1980 Nov 13;288(5787):189-92 PMID: 6159552
  221. Purine 8-bromination modulates the ribonuclease L binding and activation abilities of 2',5'-oligoadenylates. Possible influence of glycosyl torsion angle.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Feb 15;262(5):1961-5 PMID: 3818584
  222. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase expression is induced in response to heat shock.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 5;262(10):4806-11 PMID: 2435717
  223. Mechanism of interferon action: inhibition of viral messenger ribonucleic acid translation in L-cell extracts.
    J Virol. 1972 Dec;10(6):1184-98 PMID: 4345494
  224. Signal transduction pathways in the induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by interferon alpha/beta.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(7):2243-7 PMID: 2538838
  225. X-ray structure of a dinucleoside monophosphate A2'p5'C that contains a 2'-5' link found in (2'-5')oligo(A)s induced by interferons: single-stranded helical conformation of 2'-5'-linked oligonucleotides.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7292-6 PMID: 6185949
  226. Expression of antiviral activity and induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by conceptus secretory proteins enriched in bovine trophoblast protein-1.
    Biol Reprod. 1991 Feb;44(2):261-8 PMID: 2009328
  227. Targeting RNA decay with 2',5' oligoadenylate-antisense in respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Mar 4;94(5):1937-42 PMID: 9050883
  228. Interferon action. Covalent linkage of (2'-5')pppApApA(32P)pCp to (2'-5')(A)n-dependent ribonucleases in cell extracts by ultraviolet irradiation.
    J Biol Chem. 1982 Aug 10;257(15):8584-7 PMID: 6178733
  229. Regulation of 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase activity in theophylline-treated NIH 3T3 cells.
    FEBS Lett. 1984 Jan 23;166(1):199-201 PMID: 6692921
  230. A role for interferons in early pregnancy.
    Bioessays. 1991 Mar;13(3):121-6 PMID: 1872822
  231. Oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein synthesis made in extracts of interferon-treated chick embryo cells: comparison with the mouse low molecular weight inhibitor.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Mar;75(3):1167-71 PMID: 274708
  232. Antiviral activity of tumour necrosis factor. Synergism with interferons and induction of oligo-2',5'-adenylate synthetase.
    J Gen Virol. 1988 Dec;69 ( Pt 12):3113-20 PMID: 2462015
  233. Microwave exposure alters the expression of 2-5A-dependent RNase.
    Radiat Res. 1991 Aug;127(2):164-70 PMID: 1947000
  234. A protein synthesizing system from interferon-treated cells that discriminates between cellular and viral messenger RNAs.
    Virology. 1974 Apr;58(2):476-91 PMID: 4820887
  235. RNA Catalysis Gives Fresh Perspective on the Origin of Life: The old chicken-and-egg problem of the origin of life is illuminated in unexpected ways by recent results on the splicing of RNA precursors.
    Science. 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):545-6 PMID: 17750962
  236. Absence of negative growth regulation in three new murine radiation-induced myeloid leukemia cell lines with deletion of chromosome 2.
    Leukemia. 1992 Dec;6(12):1288-95 PMID: 1453774
  237. Molecular basis of interferon action: inhibition of viral RNA translation.
    Virology. 1966 Nov;30(3):502-16 PMID: 5950822
  238. Cellular RNA is not degraded in interferon-treated HeLa cells after poliovirus infection.
    FEBS Lett. 1983 Aug 22;160(1-2):87-92 PMID: 6309570
  239. Immunological cross-reactivity between large and small (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetases from pig cells.
    J Biochem. 1984 Jun;95(6):1827-30 PMID: 6469950
  240. Effect of endogenous and exogenous interferons on the differentiation of human monocyte cell line U937.
    Cancer Res. 1988 Jan 1;48(1):82-8 PMID: 2446743
  241. P1,P4-dithio-P2,P3-monochloromethylene diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate: a novel antiplatelet agent.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):4034-9 PMID: 9108100
  242. RNA catalysis and the origin of life.
    Orig Life Evol Biosph. 1985;16(2):97-116 PMID: 2423941
  243. Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase.
    J Biochem. 1986 May;99(5):1455-64 PMID: 3754863
  244. A full-length murine 2-5A synthetase cDNA transfected in NIH-3T3 cells impairs EMCV but not VSV replication.
    Virology. 1990 Nov;179(1):228-33 PMID: 2171206
  245. Affinity purification and characterization of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate)-dependent RNase from mouse spleen.
    Eur J Biochem. 1994 Jul 15;223(2):403-10 PMID: 8055909
  246. Regulation of gene expression in the chick oviduct by steroid hormones.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1978;42 Pt 2:639-47 PMID: 277311
  247. Regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) transferase activity by 2',5'-oligoadenylates.
    Biochem Int. 1984 Aug;9(2):143-52 PMID: 6207831
  248. Coupled transcription and translation in mammalian and avian cell-free systems.
    Virology. 1978 Feb;84(2):479-95 PMID: 203097
  249. Induction by vasoactive intestinal peptide of interferon alpha/beta synthesis in glial cells but not in neurons.
    J Cell Physiol. 1994 Jan;158(1):47-54 PMID: 7505279
  250. Age-dependent changes are observed in the levels of an enzyme mediator of interferon action: a (2'-5')A(n)-dependent endoribonuclease.
    Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1988 Dec;189(3):329-37 PMID: 2462738
  251. Increased erythropoiesis and 2'5'-A polymerase activity in the marrow and spleen of phenylhydrazine-injected rats.
    Exp Hematol. 1982 May;10(5):478-85 PMID: 6284534
  252. Cellular and enzymatic activities of a synthetic heteropolymer double-stranded RNA of defined size.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 15;267(26):18315-9 PMID: 1356106
  253. Induction, purification, and properties of 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;350:486-96 PMID: 6165299
  254. Significance of tubuloreticular inclusions in the pathobiology of human diseases.
    Pathobiol Annu. 1976;6:221-57 PMID: 798160
  255. Chemical synthesis and biological characterization of phosphorothioate analogs of 2', 5'-3'-deoxyadenylate trimer.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 May 25;21(10):2437-43 PMID: 7685081
  256. Synergistic effect of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on antiviral activity and (2'-5') oligo (A) synthetase induction in a myelomonocytic cell line.
    J Leukoc Biol. 1990 Aug;48(2):149-55 PMID: 2164556
  257. Are double-stranded RNA-directed inhibition of protein synthesis in interferon-treated cells and interferon induction related phenomena?
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Feb 25;254(4):1259-67 PMID: 762128
  258. Structural requirements of polynucleotides for the activation of (2' - 5')An polymerase and protein kinase.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 10;9(19):4939-50 PMID: 6273790
  259. The epidemiology of insulin dependent diabetes with particular reference to the relationship of virus infection to its etiology.
    Epidemiol Rev. 1980;2:49-70 PMID: 7000538
  260. The interferon system. A bird's eye view of its biochemistry.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 15;267(8):5017-20 PMID: 1371992
  261. Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone action: induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity and enhancement of the mitogenic effect by anti-interferon antibody.
    Life Sci. 1983 Mar 28;32(13):1479-88 PMID: 6601224
  262. An interferon-induced phosphodiesterase degrading (2'-5') oligoisoadenylate and the C-C-A terminus of tRNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):4788-92 PMID: 228264
  263. Antagonism of 2-5 A-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in intact cells by 2',5'-(pA)3.
    FEBS Lett. 1985 Oct 21;191(1):154-8 PMID: 4054303
  264. Effect of cholestasis and bile acids on interferon-induced 2',5'-adenylate synthetase and NK cell activities.
    Gastroenterology. 1995 Apr;108(4):1192-8 PMID: 7698588
  265. Phosphorothioate analogues of 2',5'-oligoadenylate. Enzymatically synthesized 2',5'-phosphorothioate dimer and trimer: unequivocal structural assignment and activation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate-dependent endoribonuclease.
    Biochemistry. 1987 Nov 3;26(22):7127-35 PMID: 3427062
  266. Activation of 2',5'-oligo(A) polymerase and protein kinase of interferon-treated HeLa cells by 2'-O-methylated poly (inosinic acid) . poly(cytidylic acid), Correlations with interferon-inducing activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Jul 10;255(13):6403-7 PMID: 6156160
  267. Nerve growth factor induces changes in (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase and 2'-phosphodiesterase activities during differentiation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.
    Exp Cell Res. 1986 Sep;166(1):229-36 PMID: 3743655
  268. Facile and stereoselective synthesis of 2'-5'-oligothioadenylate by UO2(2+) ion catalyst.
    Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1992;(27):105-6 PMID: 1289779
  269. A misaligned double-stranded RNA, poly(I).poly(C12,U), induces accumulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylates in mouse tissues.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Jul 16;138(1):40-6 PMID: 2427076
  270. Affinity labelling and characterization of the ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent endoribonuclease from different mammalian sources.
    Eur J Biochem. 1982 May 17;124(2):261-8 PMID: 6284502
  271. Increased 2,5-adenylate synthetase activity in the spleens of BALB/c mice during hypoxia-stimulated erythropoiesis.
    Exp Hematol. 1985 Sep;13(8):821-6 PMID: 4043263
  272. Interferon- and sarcolectin-dependent cellular regulatory interactions.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Dec 15;263(35):19154-8 PMID: 2461934
  273. Analogs of (2'-5')oligo(A). Endonuclease activation and inhibition of protein synthesis in intact cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 10;256(7):3253-7 PMID: 6259158
  274. Uterine cellular changes in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase during the bovine estrous cycle and early pregnancy.
    Biol Reprod. 1993 Mar;48(3):460-6 PMID: 8452923
  275. Induction of 2.5 OAS gene expression and activity is not sufficient for IFN-gamma-induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation.
    Int J Cancer. 1995 Jul 17;62(2):223-9 PMID: 7622300
  276. Cordycepin analogues of 2-5A and its derivatives. Chemical synthesis and biological activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1983 Feb 10;258(3):1671-7 PMID: 6296109
  277. The (2'-5') oligoadenylate (pppA2'-5'A2'-5'A) synthetase and protein kinase(s) from interferon-treated cells.
    Eur J Biochem. 1979 Feb 1;93(3):515-26 PMID: 217683
  278. Age-related differences in the induction of 2-5A synthetase and 2-5A dependent binding protein activities by interferon in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Oct 15;140(1):455-60 PMID: 2430566
  279. Comparison of pharmacokinetic behaviors of two human interferons (Lb-IFN-alpha and Re-IFN-alpha A) in cynomolgus monkeys by 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase assay.
    Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1986 Oct-Dec;39(5-6):185-98 PMID: 3599526
  280. Inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA in reticulocyte lysates: evidence for activation of an endoribonuclease.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1978 Jul 14;83(1):59-68 PMID: 212051
  281. Conformation analysis of 3'-fluorinated A(2'-5')A(2'-5')A fragments. Relation between conformation and biological activity.
    Eur J Biochem. 1994 Apr 15;221(2):759-68 PMID: 8174555
  282. 2-5A-dependent RNase molecules dimerize during activation by 2-5A.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 24;270(8):4133-7 PMID: 7876164
  283. Paracrine activities of porcine trophoblastic interferons.
    J Reprod Fertil. 1994 Sep;102(1):185-94 PMID: 7799312
  284. Regulation of gene expression in chick oviduct.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1978;42 Pt 2:605-15 PMID: 354851
  285. Oligoribonucleotides containing 2',5'-phosphodiester linkages exhibit binding selectivity for 3',5'-RNA over 3',5'-ssDNA.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Oct 11;21(20):4742-9 PMID: 7694233
  286. Radioimmune and radiobinding assays for A2'p5'A2'p5'A, pppA2'p5'A, and related oligonucleotides.
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):216-27 PMID: 6276660
  287. Modulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in patients treated with alpha-interferon: effects of dose, schedule, and route of administration.
    J Interferon Res. 1986 Jun;6(3):189-98 PMID: 3745984
  288. Targeting RNA for degradation with a (2'-5')oligoadenylate-antisense chimera.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 15;90(4):1300-4 PMID: 7679499
  289. Human lung cancer nodules in organotypic culture: no evidence of correlation between the antiproliferative effects of interferons and the induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Tumour Biol. 1988;9(5):263-9 PMID: 2461579
  290. RNase L and increased endoribonuclease activities in the mononuclear cells of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia.
    Anticancer Res. 1994 Mar-Apr;14(2A):341-6 PMID: 8017832
  291. Assay of (2'-5')-oligo(A) synthesized in vitro and the analysis of naturally occurring (2'-5')-oligo(A) from intact cells.
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):199-208 PMID: 6173665
  292. Presence of 2'-5' A synthetase in dog liver.
    FEBS Lett. 1981 Mar 23;125(2):146-50 PMID: 6164576
  293. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression in revertants of ras-transformed NIH3T3 fibroblasts.
    Exp Cell Res. 1990 Nov;191(1):76-82 PMID: 1699771
  294. Induction of 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity and a new protein by chick interferon.
    Virology. 1979 Apr 30;94(2):282-96 PMID: 452418
  295. A proliferation-related constraint on endogenous and interferon-induced 2-5A synthetase activity in normal and neoplastic Syrian hamster cells.
    Mol Carcinog. 1992;5(1):41-51 PMID: 1371923
  296. Growth inhibition of human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB-4 cells by interferons and all-trans retinoic acid: trans-modulation of inducible gene expression pathways.
    Anticancer Res. 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):353-60 PMID: 7763006
  297. Monoclonal antibodies to 5'-triphospho-(2'-5')adenyladenosine oligonucleotides.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(15):4742-6 PMID: 6181514
  298. n-Decyl-NHpppA2'p5'A2'p5'A A phosphatase-resistant, active pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A analog.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Apr 30;128(2):695-8 PMID: 2581566
  299. Evolution of the genetic apparatus.
    J Mol Biol. 1968 Dec;38(3):381-93 PMID: 5718557
  300. Synthesis, properties and use of beta-alanyltyrosine derivatives of 2',5'-oligoadenylate 5'-triphosphate.
    Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1985;(16):137-40 PMID: 3003702
  301. Increased stability and antiviral activity of 2'-O-phosphoglyceryl derivatives of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate).
    Eur J Biochem. 1984 Jul 16;142(2):291-8 PMID: 6086347
  302. Raman spectroscopic measurement of base stacking in solutions of adenosine, AMP, ATP, and oligoadenylates.
    Biochemistry. 1988 Dec 13;27(25):8899-903 PMID: 3233211
  303. Interferon action: two (2'-5')(A)n synthetases specified by distinct mRNAs in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with interferon.
    Cell. 1983 May;33(1):95-102 PMID: 6205763
  304. Interferon-independent activation of (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase in Friend erythroleukemia cell variants exposed to HMBA.
    J Cell Sci. 1996 Jun;109 ( Pt 6):1517-26 PMID: 8799838
  305. Staurosporine inhibits interferon alpha-induced gene expression in Friend erythroleukemia cells through a PKC independent pathway.
    J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 1995 Jan-Mar;9(1):7-14 PMID: 8553907
  306. Immune and virus-induced interferons may activate cells by different derepressional mechanisms.
    Nature. 1980 Jan 24;283(5745):400-2 PMID: 7352017
  307. Interferon, double-stranded RNA and mRNA degradation.
    Nature. 1976 Nov 25;264(5584):370-3 PMID: 1004563
  308. Platelet-derived growth factor and double-stranded ribonucleic acids stimulate expression of the same genes in 3T3 cells.
    Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):793-800 PMID: 3000615
  309. Control of the interferon-induced 68-kilodalton protein kinase by the HIV-1 tat gene product.
    Science. 1990 Mar 9;247(4947):1216-9 PMID: 2180064
  310. Novel 2',5'-oligoadenylates synthesized in interferon-treated, vaccinia virus-infected cells.
    J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):1041-4 PMID: 2415713
  311. Enzymic synthesis, purification, and fractionation of (2'-5')-oligoadenylic acid.
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):184-93 PMID: 6173664
  312. Extensive diversity of branched-RNA-linked multicopy single-stranded DNAs in clinical strains of Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7208-12 PMID: 2476815
  313. Interferon-mediated antiviral state in human MRC5 cells in the absence of detectable levels of 2-5A synthetase and protein kinase.
    J Interferon Res. 1981 Feb;1(2):219-32 PMID: 6180053
  314. Catalytic cleavage of an RNA target by 2-5A antisense and RNase L.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 23;270(25):15071-5 PMID: 7797490
  315. Association of IDDM and attenuated response of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase to yellow fever vaccine.
    Diabetes. 1989 Dec;38(12):1636-42 PMID: 2573556
  316. 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase, an interferon induced enzyme: direct assay methods for the products, 2'5' oligoadenylates and 2'5' co-oligonucleotides.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Jul 25;8(14):3073-85 PMID: 6160465
  317. Production of two human 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase enzymes in Escherichia coli.
    J Interferon Res. 1989 Jun;9(3):295-304 PMID: 2664013
  318. Binding of Tat protein to TAR region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 blocks TAR-mediated activation of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990 May;6(5):659-72 PMID: 1694453
  319. Photochemical crosslinking in oligonucleotide-protein complexes between a bromine-substituted 2-5A analog and 2-5A-dependent RNase by ultraviolet lamp or laser.
    Anal Biochem. 1990 Feb 1;184(2):298-304 PMID: 2327573
  320. Interferon action: two distinct pathways for inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Dec;75(12):5893-7 PMID: 282611
  321. Synthesis and biological activity of uronic acid analogues of 2-5A[5'-O-triphosphoryladenylyl(2----5')adenylyl-(2'----5')adenosine].
    Drug Des Discov. 1992 Feb;8(3):241-54 PMID: 1525304
  322. Cleavage of oligoribonucleotides by the 2',5'-oligoadenylate- dependent ribonuclease L.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 1;271(9):4988-92 PMID: 8617774
  323. Inhibition of CFU-E in rat bone marrow perfused with 2'-5'-oligoadenylate core.
    Exp Hematol. 1984 Jan;12(1):39-43 PMID: 6698127
  324. Assay of double-stranded RNA-dependent endonuclease activity.
    Methods Enzymol. 1981;79(Pt B):265-73 PMID: 6173671
  325. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: inhibition by 2',5'-oligoadenylates.
    Biochemistry. 1993 Nov 16;32(45):12112-8 PMID: 7692966
  326. Intrinsic molecular activities of the interferon-induced 2-5A-dependent RNase.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 May 13;269(19):14153-8 PMID: 7514601
  327. Functional characterization of Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Evidence that Tat links viral RNAs to nuclear matrix.
    J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 5;265(7):3803-8 PMID: 2406262
  328. Nature of inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis formed in response to interferon and double-stranded RNA.
    Nature. 1977 Aug 11;268(5620):540-2 PMID: 196217
  329. Two molecular weight forms of human 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase have different activation requirements.
    J Interferon Res. 1986 Feb;6(1):5-12 PMID: 3701128
  330. Respective role of each of the purine N7 nitrogens of 5'-O-triphosphoadenylyl(2'----5')adenylyl(2'----5')adenosine in binding to and activation of the RNase L of mouse cells.
    Biochemistry. 1987 Jan 27;26(2):376-83 PMID: 3030408
  331. Serum 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase levels and clinical response to interferon-beta therapy in women with genital human papillomavirus infection.
    J Infect Dis. 1994 May;169(5):1112-5 PMID: 8169403
  332. [Induction of atypical interferon after heat shock].
    C R Acad Sci III. 1993;316(4):337-40 PMID: 7691386
  333. Blockage of NF-kappa B signaling by selective ablation of an mRNA target by 2-5A antisense chimeras.
    Science. 1994 Aug 5;265(5173):789-92 PMID: 7914032
  334. The cordycepin analogue of 2,5A and its threo isomer. Chemical synthesis, conformation and biological activity.
    Acta Chem Scand B. 1986 Sep;40(8):678-88 PMID: 3825401
  335. Induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by retinoic acid in two transformed human cell lines.
    Cancer Res. 1984 Nov;44(11):5355-60 PMID: 6435868
  336. An interferon-induced cellular enzyme is incorporated into virions.
    Nature. 1980 Sep 4;287(5777):68-70 PMID: 6157996
  337. 2'5' oligo(A) polymerase activity in serum of mice infected with EMC virus or treated with interferon.
    Nature. 1980 Jun 12;285(5765):485-8 PMID: 6157092
  338. Elevated levels of (2'-5')oligoadenylic acid polymerase activity in growth-arrested human lymphoblastoid Namalva cells.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Oct;1(10):932-8 PMID: 6180294
  339. The catalysis of nucleotide polymerization by compounds of divalent lead.
    J Mol Evol. 1979 Apr 12;12(4):357-64 PMID: 448750
  340. The recognition of viral RNA by mammalian ribosomes. An effect of interferon.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Feb 26;155(2):437-43 PMID: 4295296
  341. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 1q in human breast cancer.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7204-7 PMID: 2550934
  342. Biological and clinical effects of the oral immunomodulator 3,6-bis(2-piperidinoethoxy)acridine trihydrochloride in patients with malignancy.
    J Biol Response Mod. 1990 Feb;9(1):61-70 PMID: 1690788
  343. Formation of tubuloreticular inclusions in human lymphoma cells compared to the induction of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by leucocyte interferon in dose-effect and kinetic studies.
    Cancer Res. 1984 Aug;44(8):3480-8 PMID: 6744275
  344. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication and activation of RNase L by phosphorothioate/phosphodiester 2',5'-oligoadenylate derivatives.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 17;270(11):5963-78 PMID: 7890727
  345. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA promotes synthesis of (2',5')oligoadenylate and is cleaved by the (2',5')oligoadenylate-activated endoribonuclease.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Feb;2(2):154-60 PMID: 6180300
  346. Regulation of interferon-alpha-inducible cellular genes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes.
    J Leukoc Biol. 1994 Mar;55(3):299-309 PMID: 7509841
  347. Stimulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in sheep endometrium during pregnancy, by intrauterine infusion of ovine trophoblast protein-1, and by intramuscular administration of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha I1.
    J Reprod Fertil. 1991 Nov;93(2):599-607 PMID: 1787480
  348. Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes.
    J Exp Pathol. 1990;5(2):69-77 PMID: 1708818
  349. Mechanism of pppA(2'p5'A)n2'p5'AOH synthesis in extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Jun 10;255(11):5031-5 PMID: 6154699
  350. Oligoadenylate and cyclic AMP: interrelation and mutual regulation.
    Prog Mol Subcell Biol. 1994;14:209-21 PMID: 7520328
  351. Hormonal regulation of ovalbumin synthesis in the chick oviduct.
    Recent Prog Horm Res. 1975;31:175-211 PMID: 1105717
  352. Purification of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase from rabbit reticulocytes.
    J Interferon Res. 1987 Apr;7(2):231-41 PMID: 3611843
  353. Modulation of antiviral activity of interferon and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by mild hyperthermia (39.5 degrees C) in cultured human cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 5;266(7):4605-12 PMID: 1705557
  354. Synthesis and characterization of composite nucleic acids containing 2', 5'-oligoriboadenylate linked to antisense DNA.
    Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 1996 Winter;6(4):247-58 PMID: 9012860
  355. Anti-mitogenic function of interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(adenylate) and growth-related variations in enzymes that synthesize and degrade this oligonucleotide.
    Eur J Biochem. 1981;114(1):5-10 PMID: 6163628
  356. Immune interferon inhibits proliferation and induces 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
    J Clin Invest. 1989 Apr;83(4):1174-82 PMID: 2495301
  357. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase levels in patients with multiple myeloma receiving maintenance therapy with interferon alpha 2b do not correlate with clinical response.
    Br J Cancer. 1995 Dec;72(6):1525-30 PMID: 8519671
  358. Transcriptional activation of human (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate in type-I-interferon-treated HL-60 and HeLa cells.
    Eur J Biochem. 1992 Jul 1;207(1):297-304 PMID: 1628655
  359. Alteration of nuclear (2'-5')oligoriboadenylate synthetase and nuclease activities preceding replication of human immunodeficiency virus in H9 cells.
    Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1988 Sep;369(9):985-95 PMID: 3228494
  360. 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in interferon-alpha- and acyclovir-treated herpes simplex virus-infected cells.
    J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995 Jan;15(1):27-30 PMID: 7648430
  361. Resistance of melanoma cell lines to interferons correlates with reduction of IFN-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Induction of the anti-viral state by IFN is prevented by tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
    J Immunol. 1995 Mar 1;154(5):2248-56 PMID: 7532663
  362. Adenovirus virus-associated RNA and translation control.
    J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):5657-62 PMID: 1920611
  363. Increased sensitivity of cell-free protein synthesis to double-stranded RNA after interferon treatment.
    Nature. 1974 Jul 5;250(461):57-9 PMID: 4366491
  364. Lymphocytic 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is insensitive to dsRNA and interferon stimulation in autoimmune BB rats.
    J Interferon Res. 1991 Dec;11(6):351-6 PMID: 1800583
  365. A dominant negative mutant of 2-5A-dependent RNase suppresses antiproliferative and antiviral effects of interferon.
    EMBO J. 1993 Aug;12(8):3297-304 PMID: 7688298
  366. The origin and early evolution of life: prebiotic chemistry, the pre-RNA world, and time.
    Cell. 1996 Jun 14;85(6):793-8 PMID: 8681375
  367. Activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase by analogs of 2-5A (5'-O-triphosphoryladenylyl(2'----5')adenylyl(2'----5')adenosine ) using 2',5'-tetraadenylate (core)-cellulose.
    J Biol Chem. 1986 May 25;261(15):6836-9 PMID: 3700418
  368. Stringent control in E. coli.
    Annu Rev Genet. 1979;13:393-415 PMID: 94252
  369. Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena.
    Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):147-57 PMID: 6297745
  370. Different mechanisms regulate the IFN-inducible expression of 40 kDa human 2'-5' oligo (A) synthetase in HeLa and Molt 4 cells.
    Int J Biol Markers. 1989 Oct-Dec;4(4):221-5 PMID: 2516865
  371. Mechanisms of action of human interferons. Induction of 2'5'-oligo(A) polymerase.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Sep 25;255(18):8390-3 PMID: 6157684
  372. Molecular characterization of a patient with del(1)(q23-q25).
    Hum Genet. 1991 Jul;87(3):269-77 PMID: 1677922
  373. 5'-O-Monophosphoryladenylyl(2' goes to 5')adenylyl(2' goes to 5')adenosine is an antagonist of the action of 5'-O-triphosphoryladenylyl-(2' goes to 5')adenylyl(2' goes to 5')adenosine and double-stranded RNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):5993-7 PMID: 6947212
  374. Configuration of the interferon-alpha/beta receptor complex determines the context of the biological response.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 15;270(37):21785-92 PMID: 7665599
  375. Increased levels of (2'-5')oligo(A) polymerase activity in human lymphoblastoid cells treated with glucocorticoids.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Nov;77(11):6506-10 PMID: 6161367
  376. Interferon-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in L-cell extracts: an ATP-dependent step in the activation of an inhibitor by double-stranded RNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Sep;73(9):3136-40 PMID: 184463
  377. Nuclease activation by double-stranded RNA and by 2',5'-oligoadenylate in extracts of interferon-treated chick cells.
    Virology. 1979 Mar;93(2):348-56 PMID: 222045
  378. Interferon stimulates the expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and MHC class I antigens in insulin-producing cells.
    J Interferon Res. 1991 Oct;11(5):255-60 PMID: 1723088
  379. Diabetes mellitus and autoimmunity in patients with the congenital rubella syndrome.
    Rev Infect Dis. 1985 Mar-Apr;7 Suppl 1:S170-6 PMID: 3890104
  380. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two murine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. Structure-function relationships.
    J Biol Chem. 1991 Aug 15;266(23):15293-9 PMID: 1651324
  381. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L is a dimer of regulatory and catalytic subunits.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):7733-40 PMID: 8463302
  382. The 2-5A system in control and interferon-treated K/BALB cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus.
    Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;202:307-15 PMID: 2421309
  383. Interferons, double-stranded RNA, and RNA degradation. Isolation and characterization of homogeneous human (2'-5')(a)n synthetase.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 Sep 10;256(17):9324-8 PMID: 6167587
  384. Activation of interferon-inducible 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase by adenoviral VAI RNA.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 17;270(7):3454-61 PMID: 7531709
  385. A new and potent 2-5A analogue which does not require a 5'-polyphosphate to activate mouse L-cell RNase L.
    Antiviral Res. 1992 Jun;18(3-4):275-89 PMID: 1416909
  386. Mechanism of interferon action. Effect of double-stranded RNA and the 5'-O-monophosphate form of 2',5'-oligoadenylate on the inhibition of reovirus mRNA translation in vitro.
    J Biol Chem. 1983 Dec 25;258(24):15232-7 PMID: 6197414
  387. Evidence that types I and II interferons have different receptors.
    Nature. 1981 Dec 24;294(5843):768-70 PMID: 6172715
  388. The crystal and molecular structure of a dinucleoside phosphate: beta-adenosine-2'-beta-uridine-5'-phosphoric acid.
    Acta Crystallogr B. 1969 May 15;25(5):895-908 PMID: 5819634
  389. Accumulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylates in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected mice.
    J Virol. 1987 May;61(5):1586-92 PMID: 2437319
  390. (2'-5') Oligoadenylate synthetase in the maturation of rabbit reticulocytes.
    Mol Cell Biochem. 1984 Apr;62(1):51-55 PMID: 6738528
  391. Effect of glucose on antiviral activity of interferon.
    J Interferon Res. 1986 Aug;6(4):381-8 PMID: 2430029
  392. Recombinant interferon-beta 2 (interleukin-6) induces myeloid differentiation.
    FEBS Lett. 1988 Nov 7;239(2):299-304 PMID: 3141215
  393. The human (2'-5') oligo A synthetase gene, structure of its two enzyme products and quick cell blot for clinical monitoring of its activation by interferons.
    Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;202:149-61 PMID: 2421298
  394. Serum interferon level and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity in lymphocytes during clinical interferon application.
    J Interferon Res. 1985 Fall;5(4):621-8 PMID: 2418131
  395. Concerning the mechanism of action of interferon.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Aug;56(2):558-65 PMID: 5229977
  396. Synthesis and biological activity of 5'-capped derivatives of 5'-triphosphoadenylyl(2'----5')adenylyl(2'----5')adenosine.
    Biochemistry. 1984 Feb 14;23(4):766-74 PMID: 6712921
  397. Tissue-related and species-specific differences in the 2-5A oligomer size requirement for activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase.
    J Interferon Res. 1993 Feb;13(1):13-6 PMID: 8454906
  398. Investigations on the interferon-induced 2'-5' oligoadenylate system using analytical capillary isotachophoresis.
    J Chromatogr. 1989 May 24;470(1):185-90 PMID: 2738139
  399. A sensitive assay for the IFN-regulated 2-5A synthetase enzyme.
    J Virol Methods. 1994 Dec;50(1-3):323-34 PMID: 7536199
  400. Phosphorothioate analogues of 2',5'-oligoadenylate. Activation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate-dependent endoribonuclease by 2',5'-phosphorothioate cores and 5'-monophosphates.
    Biochemistry. 1987 Nov 3;26(22):7136-42 PMID: 3427063
  401. Interferon-induced synthesis of 2-5A-dependent RNase in mouse JLS-V9R cells.
    Virology. 1983 Mar;125(2):496-501 PMID: 6188272
  402. Transcriptional regulation of interferon-responsive genes is closely linked to interferon receptor occupancy.
    EMBO J. 1986 Jul;5(7):1607-13 PMID: 3017707
  403. The binding of the 69- and 100-kD forms of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase to different polynucleotides.
    J Interferon Res. 1990 Dec;10(6):571-8 PMID: 1707937
  404. (2'-5')-Oligo-3'-deoxynucleotides: selective binding to single-stranded RNA but not DNA.
    Antisense Res Dev. 1995 Spring;5(1):3-11 PMID: 7542046
  405. A hybrid protein kinase-RNase in an interferon-induced pathway?
    FEBS Lett. 1993 Nov 15;334(2):149-52 PMID: 7693513
  406. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate:antisense chimeras--synthesis and properties.
    Bioconjug Chem. 1993 Nov-Dec;4(6):467-72 PMID: 8305516
  407. Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and RNA degradation: activation of an endonuclease by (2'-5')An.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):4778-82 PMID: 291897
  408. Preparation of the individual diastereomers of adenylyl-(2'-5')-P-thioadenylyl-(2'-5')-adenosine and their 5'-phosphorylated derivatives.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 10;15(23):9933-43 PMID: 3697086
  409. Cordycepin analogs of ppp5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A (2-5A) inhibit protein synthesis through activation of the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease.
    J Biol Chem. 1985 Mar 25;260(6):3666-71 PMID: 3972841
  410. Induction of an antiviral state by interferon in the absence of elevated levels of 2,5-oligo(A) synthetase and eIF-2 kinase.
    Virology. 1988 Jan;162(1):118-27 PMID: 2447700
  411. Role of 2',5'-oligo(adenylic acid) polymerase in the degradation of ribonucleic acid linked to double-stranded ribonucleic acid by extracts of interferon-treated cells.
    Biochemistry. 1980 Nov 25;19(24):5574-9 PMID: 6161640
  412. Rapid chemical synthesis and circular dichroism properties of some 2'-5'-linked oligoriboadenylates.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Jun 11;6(7):2569-82 PMID: 379823
  413. Activation of human and mouse 2-5A synthetases and mouse protein P1 kinase by nucleic acids. Structure-activity relationships and correlations with inhibition of protein synthesis and interferon induction.
    FEBS Lett. 1981 Aug 3;130(2):291-6 PMID: 6169555
  414. Interferon action: binding of viral RNA to the 40-kilodalton 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus.
    J Virol. 1991 Apr;65(4):1748-57 PMID: 1705989
  415. Oligonucleotide structural parameters that influence binding of 5'-O-triphosphoadenylyl-(2'----5')-adenylyl-(2'----5')-adenosine to the 5'-O-triphosphoadenylyl-(2'----5')-adenylyl-(2'----5')-adenosine dependent endoribonuclease: chain length, phosphorylation state, and heterocyclic base.
    J Med Chem. 1984 Jun;27(6):726-33 PMID: 6737414
  416. Human trophoblast interferons.
    Antiviral Res. 1993 Oct;22(2-3):91-105 PMID: 7506512
  417. A simple and convenient synthesis of 3'-5'- or 2'-5'-linked oligoribonucleotide by polymerization of unprotected ribonucleoside using phosphorus tris-azole.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Apr 11;12(7):3257-70 PMID: 6326056
  418. 5'-modified agonist and antagonist (2'-5')(A)n analogues: synthesis and biological activity.
    Biochemistry. 1987 Aug 11;26(16):5172-8 PMID: 3117112
  419. Synthesis of (2'-5')(A)n from ATP. Characteristics of the reaction catalyzed by (2'-5')(A)n synthetase purified from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with interferon.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 25;255(20):9807-13 PMID: 6159349
  420. Phosphorothioate analogues of (2'-5')(A)4: agonist and antagonist activities in intact cells.
    Biochemistry. 1990 Mar 13;29(10):2550-6 PMID: 2159324
  421. Protein synthesis in cell-free systems: an effect of interferon.
    J Virol. 1971 Apr;7(4):448-59 PMID: 4329562
  422. Type I conceptus interferons: maternal recognition of pregnancy signals and potential therapeutic agents.
    Am J Reprod Immunol. 1991 Aug;26(1):19-22 PMID: 1741934
  423. Oligonucleotide structural features involved in binding to and activation of the 2-5A-dependent endoribonuclease of L cells.
    Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1982;(11):97-100 PMID: 7183979
  424. Virus interference. I. The interferon.
    Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1957 Sep 12;147(927):258-67 PMID: 13465720
  425. Protection of HeLa-T4+ cells against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection after stable transfection with HIV LTR-2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase hybrid gene.
    FASEB J. 1990 Oct;4(13):3124-30 PMID: 1698680
  426. Control of the ppp(a2'p)nA system in HeLa cells. Effects of interferon and virus infection.
    Eur J Biochem. 1982 May;124(1):131-8 PMID: 6177533
  427. Differential gene expression of IFN-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS related complex and AIDS.
    J Immunol. 1990 Feb 1;144(3):970-5 PMID: 2295823
  428. Modulation of nuclear matrix-associated 2',5'-oligoadenylate metabolism and ribonuclease L activity in H9 cells by human immunodeficiency virus.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 5;264(10):5669-73 PMID: 2925627
  429. Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A: a novel oligonucleotide synthesized by interferon-treated L cell extracts.
    Cell. 1978 Mar;13(3):565-72 PMID: 657268
  430. Activation of interferon-regulated, dsRNA-dependent enzymes by human immunodeficiency virus-1 leader RNA.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Feb 11;17(3):969-78 PMID: 2922280
  431. Lectins modulate the internalization of recombinant interferon-alpha A and the induction of 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 May 25;263(15):7112-7 PMID: 2966801
  432. Regulation of bovine endometrial secretion of prostaglandins and synthesis of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by interferon-alpha molecules.
    Am J Reprod Immunol. 1991 May;25(4):146-52 PMID: 1786082
  433. Synthesis and breakdown of pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A and transient inhibiton of protein synthesis in extracts from interferon-treated and control cells.
    Eur J Biochem. 1978 Dec;92(2):455-62 PMID: 216547
  434. Structure of two forms of the interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo A synthetase of human cells based on cDNAs and gene sequences.
    EMBO J. 1985 Sep;4(9):2249-56 PMID: 2416561
  435. Inhibition of mouse fibroblast interferon by gangliosides. Differential effects on biological activity and on induction of (2'--5')oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Eur J Biochem. 1982 May;124(1):1-6 PMID: 6177531
  436. Induction of intracellular and plasma 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by pentostatin.
    Leukemia. 1992 Mar;6(3):209-14 PMID: 1564958
  437. Infection with Moloney murine sarcoma virus inhibits myogenesis and alters the myogenic-associated (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase expression and activity.
    Virology. 1993 Jun;194(2):865-9 PMID: 8503192
  438. Why do nucleic acids have 3'5' phosphodiester bonds?
    Nature. 1978 Apr 27;272(5656):798-801 PMID: 643069
  439. Suppression of interferon-induced oligo-2',5'-adenylate synthetase induction in persistent infection.
    J Gen Virol. 1990 Dec;71 ( Pt 12):3071-4 PMID: 1703217
  440. Arachidonic acid regulates the binding of human interferon in human skin fibroblasts.
    Lipids. 1990 Jun;25(6):321-7 PMID: 1694948
  441. RNA double helix and the evolution of the 3',5' linkage.
    Nat New Biol. 1972 Feb 16;235(59):207-8 PMID: 4501532
  442. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate (2-5A) binding protein (RNase L) changes in AIDS and mammalian cells/tissues.
    J Exp Pathol. 1990;5(2):79-88 PMID: 2090799
  443. Recombinant human interferon alfa-A suppresses HTLV-III replication in vitro.
    Lancet. 1985 Mar 16;1(8429):602-4 PMID: 2857946
  444. Porcine conceptus proteins: antiviral activity and effect on 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
    Biol Reprod. 1992 Mar;46(3):464-9 PMID: 1319754
  445. Respective role of each of the purine N-6 amino groups of 5'-O-triphosphoryladenylyl(2'----5')adenylyl(2----5')adenosine in binding to and activation of RNase L.
    J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 10;260(3):1390-3 PMID: 2981855
  446. Synthesis and biological activities of a phosphorodithioate analog of 2',5'-oligoadenylate.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Oct 11;23(19):3989-94 PMID: 7479047
  447. Interferon-gamma is not an antiviral, but a growth-promoting factor for T lymphocytes.
    Eur J Immunol. 1988 Apr;18(4):503-9 PMID: 2835246
  448. Expression of the 2-5A system during the cell cycle.
    Exp Cell Res. 1985 Jul;159(1):27-36 PMID: 4029267
  449. The nuclear matrix: structure and composition.
    J Cell Sci. 1988 May;90 ( Pt 1):11-36 PMID: 3058729
  450. Influence of the phosphodiester linkage (3'-5', 2'-5', and 5'-5') on the conformation of dinucleoside monophosphate.
    Biochemistry. 1970 Sep 1;9(18):3479-98 PMID: 4324090
  451. Regulation of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase levels during interferon treatment and cell differentiation.
    Eur J Biochem. 1985 Feb 1;146(3):611-8 PMID: 2578957
  452. Activation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity on induction of HL-60 leukemia cell differentiation.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;9(9):3897-903 PMID: 2476665
  453. Expression cloning of 2-5A-dependent RNAase: a uniquely regulated mediator of interferon action.
    Cell. 1993 Mar 12;72(5):753-65 PMID: 7680958
  454. Cloning and characterization of a RNAse L inhibitor. A new component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A pathway.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 2;270(22):13308-17 PMID: 7539425
  455. Involvement of interferon-system in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
    Scanning Microsc. 1990 Jun;4(2):479-89 PMID: 1698310
  456. Determination of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after subcutaneous application of recombinant interferon beta and gamma.
    Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1992 Sep;30(9):521-8 PMID: 1457613
  457. Degradation of rRNA in interferon-treated vaccinia virus-infected cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1984 Feb 10;259(3):1371-4 PMID: 6198324
  458. Immunoreactive alpha-interferon in insulin-secreting beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
    Lancet. 1987 Dec 19;2(8573):1423-7 PMID: 2891993
  459. Nonenzymatic template-directed synthesis of informational macromolecules.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1987;52:41-51 PMID: 2456883
  460. Cell cycle regulation (G1) by autocrine interferon and dissociation between autocrine interferon and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase expression.
    J Interferon Res. 1988 Dec;8(6):793-802 PMID: 2466091
  461. Interferon action: isolation of nuclease F, a translation inhibitor activated by interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo-isoadenylate.
    FEBS Lett. 1978 Nov 15;95(2):257-64 PMID: 720619
  462. Inhibition of protein synthesis directed by added viral and cellular messenger RNAs in extracts of interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Location and dominance of the inhibitor(s).
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Sep 18;54(2):777-83 PMID: 4356983
  463. Efficient oligoadenylate synthesis catalyzed by uranyl ion complex in aqueous solution.
    Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1988;(19):5-7 PMID: 3226922
Article Info
Journal
Pharmacology & therapeutics
Abbr.
Pharmacol Ther
ISSN
0163-7258
DOI
10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00167-8
Published
1998-05-00
Pages
55-113
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
7905840
PMCID
PMC7157933
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00167-8 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2